Name and describe the roles of the substances produced by the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

What is a descending tract? Identify each descending pathway discussed in class. Identify the function, where they are located within the spinal cord, where they terminate, the structures involved, and whether they decussate or not. If they do decussate, identify where that process occurs and why it is important for that pathway to decussate.

What is the brain stem? What structures comprise this region of the CNS? Describe each region anatomically, as well as how each of the structures within the brains stem communicate with the rest of the body. Describe 3 pathways and their components that communicate through the brain stem.

Compare & Contrast the activation pathways and the effects of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) and ANP/BNP on sodium and water homeostasis.

Outline the effects and possible causes and treatments for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. How/where is TH (thyroxine) produced, transported, and activated (which form is most active?)?

Outline the effects and possible causes and treatments for hypercortisolism and hypocortisolism.

Outline the complete pathway of Cortisol secretion and control.

. List the functions of the hormones/enzyme listed below:

• Aldosterone

• Renin

• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

How is the position of the tongue affected by raising and lowering the mandible?

How is the position of the tongue affected by raising and lowering the mandible?

A vaccine for Coronavirus is likely to take a longer time than imagined, because the most obvious target of the vaccine should be the external spike protein on the envelope of this enveloped virus. The cellular attachment protein on epithelial cells, which the virus binds to for entry into the epithelial cell, is known to be ACE2, a receptor enzyme. Explain why the production of a vaccine targeting the coronavirus spike protein (S1), is not likely to be successful.

Describe the major differences between the stomach wall and the wall of the esophagus.

Name the various cellular components in the formed elements and provide at least one feature for each of them.

Give the functions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS); name the two main divisions of the ANS & list the functions of each division.

According to the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve (= Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve):

. Differentiate between the sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions by locating their origins, contrasting their general anatomy & ganglia, listing the types of nerve fibers & receptors each use, recognizing the neurotransmitters released by each