3. Which of the following is not correct regarding a prepotential:

1. it is a spontaneous depolarization
2. it occurs as the result of the influx of Ca2+ via L-type channels
3. it is due to "funny" current
4. the # of prepotentials per minute = HR

4. What would happen if you injected a drug into the papillary muscle that caused it to relax during systole (ventricular contraction)?

1. blood would flow from the atria into the ventricles
2. the tension of the chordae tendineae would increase
3. the ventricles would relax
4. the seal of the AV valves would be compromised

Describe how acyclovir works, and what virus(es) does it work against and How toxic it is?

A woman with average height, and type A- blood, and a man with type B+ blood and achondroplastic dwarfism, have a daughter with type O- blood, average height and cystic fibrosis. Write the genotype of the mother, starting with ABO, Rh, height, cystic fibrosis, and sex. Be sure to follow the nomenclature rules. (For example: for a blue-eyed person with hairless knuckles, you would write b/b, kn/kn. For a brown-eyed person with hairy knuckles, write B/B, Kn/Kn, if the person is known to be homozygous; B/b, Kn/kn, if the person is known to be heterozygous; or B/?, Kn/? if the exact genotype of the person is not clearly known. Note the use of punctuation.)

Hi,

How does hyperglycemia result in osmotic diuresis?

Can I have a step-by-step process. Thank you!

Which of the following is NOT an action of brachioradialis?

• A. Elbow flexion

• B. Elbow extension

• C. Supination

• D. Pronation

Recall the chemiosomotic synthesis of ATP occurring inside the mitochondria. Would you expect to measure an electrical potential across the inner membrane of the mitochondria when chemiosmosis is active? Why or why not? If so, which compartment in the mitochondria would have a more positive charge?

There are two significant evolutionary developments which distinguish hominins from their other primate "cousins": encephalization and habitual bipedalism From an evolutionary perspective which came first and when did the other begin truly to evolve? Was one development completed before the other began or did they at some point co-evolve? What evidence do we have for either the completion of one and the start of the other or for their co-evolution?

1. Answer the following questions about the pancreas. (a) What is the general role of the pancreas in digestion? (b) When does the hepatopancreatic duct open? (c) What would you guess is the reason that many of the digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas are released as zymogens, rather than as fully functional enzymes?

2. Answer the following questions regarding the large intestine. (a) What is the main substance absorbed from the large intestine? (b) What do you consider the main function of the large intestine? (c) How would you characterize bacteria that live in our large intestines: as parasites? symbionts? pathogens? other? Explain.

3.(a) The liquid that gets modified to have become urine comes from where? (b) What structure in a kidney carries out filtration? (c) What is present in blood that is not present in the filtrate? (d) What is the difference between filtrate and urine? Note: Just state a few major differences here.

Two physicians are finishing their rounds when a paramedic brings a patient in the emergency room. The senior paramedic, Jim Morrison, reported that the patient was swimming at the local quarry and did a forward flip into the water, striking some submerged rocks. "Which part of his body struck the rocks?" asked Dr. Carter. "He was in a hyperflexed-tucked-position when he hit the rocks, lacerating the right side of his head and neck and upper back. The patient indicated he had severe pain upon impact and loss of sensation and movement in his arm and leg. He may have lost consciousness, but he's not sure. He also complains of a severe headache, dizziness, and nausea. When we arrived at the scene we immobilized, stabilized and transported him immediately," Jim explained. Looking at the patient, Jim continued. "His name is Mike Smith, and he's 22 years of age. His vital signs include slightly lowered blood pressure (100/70), heart rate of 75 beats per minute, respiration normal, and he is conscious and alert." As the patient was being prepped for examination, Dr. Carter and Dr. Green discussed how they should approach their evaluation. Dr. Carter started by saying,"After seeing the head wound and the amount of blood loss, and hearing his complaints, I want to confirm my suspicion that this patient has a brain injury." Dr. Green disagreed: "I think that the other signs and symptoms indicate a spinal cord injury, and that's what we should investigate." The following table summarizes the findings of the evaluation, which included a physical exam, X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and neurological tests.
Summary of Diagnostic Testing for Mike Smith
Sensory Testing -Decreased sensation to touch, pressure, and vibration in the right upper/lower extremities -Decreased temperature discrimination (cold vs. warm) in the left upper/lower extremities
Motor Testing -Decreased strength and movement of the right upper/lower extremities during muscle testing -Decreased strength and movement of left abdominal muscles -Absence of triceps and biceps reflexes in the right upper extremity -Abnormal response of patellar, Achilles (hyper) reflexes in the right lower extremity -Positive Babinski sign on the right foot -Abnormal cremasteric reflex in the right groin region
General Examination -Abnormal pupil response of right eye (constriction) -Other vital signs within normal limits -Cognitive testing normal (counts backward from 100 by 7s; knows name, date, place) X-Ray and MRI Examination -No fractures present in the skull -Fracture in the 7th cervical vertebra -Significant swelling present in the spinal canal in the C7-T2 region Spinal cord appears to be intact
Which of the Doctors (Carter or Green) are correct with the diagnosis. Please, explain why you chose one or the other.