Health Topic:     Diabetes

Definition/Description:

Causes:

Risk Factors:

Symptoms:

Complications:

Prevention:

Treatment:

Humans are bipedal, terrestrial omnivores. As a species, we are adapted to a range of habitats, from deserts to mountains and from rain forests to tundra. Ultimately, however, we are descended from early hominids who evolved in African plains, and our body systems reflect this. Determine how the osmoregulatory and excretory systems of a human might be adapted if they had evolved to live in an aquatic freshwater environment.

Consider the following:

• What would be required to maintain water and salt balances, and how the osmoregulatory and excretory systems would have to change to compensate? You are encouraged to look up other (non-human; can be non-mammalian) animals that share these habitats for ideas.
• What if humans had evolved and were adapted to live in very specific habitats? In other words, it would still look *basically* like a human but would have some important differences related to its circulatory and/or breathing systems.
• What would these systems of a human that adapted to a different environment look like, and why would it look like this?
• You should consider the following parts and functions of the osmoregulatory and excretory system in your answer: Kidney – size, activity, Bladder - size, Water retention, Nitrogenous waste type (ammonia, urea, uric acid), Anything else you think is important to osmoregulatory and excretory systems.

Describe the anatomy and physiology of any respiratory disease you have encountered or heard about. What happened in the organs? How did these affect the dynamics of airflow and gas exchange (ventilation and internal respiration)?

Alcoholic quizz

Can you please select A, B, C OR D in the following multiple choice question. Thank you so much .

When are alcohol commercials mostly televised? Why

Most alcohol commercials are televised during the afternoon, and to females because it is promoted as an escape to a lonely lifestyle

Most alcohol commercials are televised during prime time news hours (4pm-7pm), and to males because men drink the most alcohol after work

Most alcohol commercials are televised during the evening and to females because femininity is highly correlated with alcohol consumption

Most alcohol commercials are televised during sports events, and to males because masculinity is highly correlated with alcohol consumption

2: Frank drank a beverage that was 80 proof. What is the percentage of alcohol in his drink?

20% alcohol

40% alcohol

50% alcohol

80% alcohol

3: Which beverage would intoxicate a person more: a liquor drink containing 50% alcohol or a drink of 80-proof liquor?

A drink that is 50% alcohol

A drink that is 80-proof liquor

They contain the same amount of alcohol

It depends on the brand of alcohol

4: What happens when a person drinks more alcohol per hour than s/he can metabolize?

BAC increases and then drops when the person switches to a lower proof drink

BAC increases and then mental and physical functioning becomes affected

BAC increases until the person vomits

BAC increases until the person drinks caffeine to stimulate the brain

5: How does body weight affect alcohol absorption?

A person who is larger, taller, and has more lean muscle tissue needs more alcohol to reach intoxication

A person who is larger, taller, and has more lean muscle tissue needs less alcohol to reach intoxication

Body weight is not a factor regarding the amount of alcohol consumed

Body weight is only a factor when comparing men to women

6; Food in the stomach affects alcohol absorption when eaten:

Before drinking

During drinking

After drinking

All of the above

a & b

b & c

7: What are some consequences of mixing alcohol with energy drinks?    

Signs of intoxication can be exacerbated

Caffeine may delay the normal onset of sleepiness, increasing the amount of time a person would normally stay awake and drink

They reduce the subjectivite feeling of drunkness without actually reducing alcohol-related impairment

All of the above

b & c

Energy drinks have little effect on a person when mixed with alcohol

8: What is hepatic encephalopathy?

Hepatic encephalopathy is a condition in the brain that causes a range of problems, such as sleep disturbances, mood and personality changes, anxiety, depression, shortened attention span, coma and even death

Hepatic encephalopathy is a condition in the liver that results in a build up of toxins and acute internal infection. Symptoms include pain, blood in the urine and stools, fever, chills, and sweating.

Hepatic encephalopathy is a condition in the lungs that causes fluid accumulation, making it very difficult to breathe. Shortness of breath, feelings of claustrophobia and fatigue are common symptoms

Hepatic encephalopathy is a condition in the stomach that interferes with the production of stomach bile, making it very difficult to digest food. Common symptoms include bloating, gastrointestinal pain, and diarrhea or constipation.

9: How can alcohol affect the lungs?

Alcohol can increase the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, making it difficult to breathe. The only treatment is a lifetime reliance on supplemental oxygen

Alcohol can slow down the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, resulting in the build up f lactic acid in the body

Alcohol can exacerbate the risk of lung cancer, especially if the drinker also uses tobacco or marijuana

Alcohol can exacerbate the risk of acute lung injury following major trauma, such as a serious motor vehicle accident, gunshot, or other event requiring hospitalization, or the spread of bacteria attributed to infection

10: What is cardiomyopathy?

Cardiomyopathy is a form of a heart attack. Blood and oxygen do not reach the heart or lungs causing a person to die quickly

Cardiomyopathy is a weakened heart that cannot contract effectively to sufficiently nourish the organs. The blood flow shortage causes severe damage to organs and tissue

Cardiomyopathy is a damaged heart valve that is unable to regulate blood flow within the body. The blood flow shortage causes severe damage to organs and tissue

Cardiomyopathy is a form of cancer that severely weakens and eventually kills the heart.

Word Building

Build the following terms using word parts.

• 1. pus in the uterus:

  word part for pus	________________________
  word part for uterus	________________________
  term for pus in the uterus	________________________

• 2. near the ovary:

  word part for near	________________________
  word part for ovary	________________________
  term for near the ovary	________________________

• 3. pertaining to the urinary and reproductive systems:

  word part for urinary	________________________
  word part for reproductive system	________________________
  word part for pertaining to	________________________
  term for pertaining to the urinary and reproductive systems	________________________

• 4. capable of stimulating milk production:

  word part for milk	________________________
  word part for producing	________________________
  word part for pertaining to	________________________
  term for capable of stimulating milk production	________________________

• 5. surgical removal of the uterus:

  word part for uterus	________________________
  word part for surgical removal	________________________
  term for surgical removal of the uterus	________________________

Describe the steps of skeletal muscle contraction. Be as detailed as possible

Eli McMillan, a 48-year man, is talking to his doctor about the symptoms he is experiencing. He states that when he goes for his morning jog, his legs feel weak and tired. He is having problems with simple tasks that require manual dexterity such as writing or unlocking doors. Upon examination, the doctor observes some atrophy of the muscles of Eli's legs, forum, and hands. He also notes that Eli is having a slight problem with his speech.

Questions:

1. What disorder do think Eli might be developing?

2. Why might Eli be experiencing muscle weakness and atrophy?

3. What is the cause of this condition?

4. What is the prognosis for an individual with this condition?

Prepare a list of the hormonal abnormalities and describe how hormones can affect the growth of bones, both in children and in adults.

For the questions below determine the EXTENT (%) and DEPTH(◦) of the burn

1. Burns covering the RIGHT anterior and posterior arm and forearm and 1/2 of the anterior abdominal wall and genitalia—burn penetrates only the epidermis.

2. Burns covering entire surface of BOTH lower limb and RIGHT upper limb—burn has reached the muscle.

3. Burns covering entire LEFT anterior and posterior region of the abdomen and thorax as well as the entire RIGHT upper limb.

Disease Terms Puzzle

Complete the clinically related sentences by selected a medical term from the table below.

blepharoplasty

blepharoptosis

diplopia

equilibrium

erythropia

iris

keratitits

keratotome

keratotomy

lacrimal

ophthalmoplegia

otosclerosis

salpingitis

sclera

tympanitis

1.   A 23-year-old patient is unable to move her eyes after sustaining a subarachnoid hemorrhage as a result of an arteriovenous malformation. This condition of the eyes is referred to as __________________________________.

2.   Rick L. sustains a corneal injury as a result of an industrial accident. Inflammation of the cornea, commonly known as __________________________________, develops after the injury requiring treatment by an ophthalmologist.

3.   A 62-year-old patient with drooping eyelids that impair her sight requires surgery. The surgical procedure required to repair the eyelids is referred to as __________________________________.

4.   After undergoing cataract surgery, a patient is unable to see. The ophthalmologist suggests a surgical procedure that requires an incision into the colored muscular layer that surrounds the pupil of the eye. This portion of the eye is known as the __________________________________.

5.   A patient comes to the ophthalmologist’s office complaining that objects appear red. The physician documents this condition as __________________________________ in the patient’s progress notes.

6.   Kelsey H. is brought to the ophthalmologist’s office by her mother who noticed her daughter frequently rubbing her right eye. After examining the child, the ophthalmologist suspects an obstruction of the duct that normally secretes tears produced by the __________________________ glands that keep the eye moist.

7.   During eye surgery, the ophthalmologist asks his assistant for the ____________________________, a surgical instrument used to incise the cornea.

8.   After sustaining a minor head injury in a motorcycle accident, a patient complains of double vision. The nurse documents this finding as __________________________________.

9.   A 26-year-old patient undergoes craniotomy for removal of a brain tumor. After surgery, the patient experiences drooping of the left eyelid. The nurse notifies the neurosurgeon of this finding, known as __________________________________.

10. Jennifer J., a 28-year-old patient, is 8 weeks pregnant when she notices a significant hearing loss. She is referred by her obstetrician to an ear, nose, and throat specialist. After testing, the specialist diagnoses __________________________________, hardening of the ear that is characterized by chronic, progressive deafness.

11. Samuel A. comes to the physician’s office with complaints of ear pain and difficulty maintaining balance. An inner ear infection is suspected. The inner ear contains receptors that help maintain balance, a state also known as __________________________________.

12. The mother of a 6-month-old infant brings her baby to the pediatrician’s office because he has not been sleeping and frequently pulls at his ear. During otoscopic examination, the physician notes an inflammation of the eardrum. He documents this finding as __________________________________ in the infant’s progress notes.

    13.    An inadequate intake of iodine in the diet can

a.
lead to hyperthyroidism
b.
cause Graves disease
c.
cause exophthalmos
d.
cause a goiter

    14.    Which of the following is true of parathyroid hormone?

a.
It is made in the thyroid gland.
b.
It decreases the amount of calcium in the blood.
c.
It increases the amount of calcium in the blood.
d.
It stimulates the formation of bone.

    15.    Which of the following is not true of glucocorticoids?

a.
They are produced in the adrenal cortex.
b.
They help regulate the blood sodium and potassium level.
c.
They increase the amount of glucose in the blood through gluconeogenesis.
d.
They have an antiallergy effect.

    16.    Which of the following is not true of the adrenal medulla?

a.
It responds to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system.
b.
It helps produce the “fight-or-flight” response.
c.
It releases epinephrine.
d.
All of the above are true of the adrenal medulla.

    17.    Which of these is not a symptom of Cushing syndrome?

a.
moon face
b.
buffalo hump
c.
virilization in women
d.
All of the above are symptoms of Cushing syndrome.

    18.    Which of the following statements is true?

a.
The alpha cells of the pancreas secrete insulin.
b.
Hypersecretion of insulin causes diabetes mellitus.
c.
Insulin causes an increase in the blood sugar level.
d.
Glucagon and insulin are antagonists of each other.

    20.    Which of the following is not true of the pineal gland?

a.
It is located in the brain.
b.
It produces melatonin.
c.
It helps regulate the body’s “biological clock”.
d.
All of the above are true of the pineal gland.

    21.    Which of the following is not true of the pituitary gland?

a.
It is composed of two endocrine glands.
b.
Its posterior portion is called the adenohypophysis.
c.
It is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.
d.
All of the above are true of the pituitary gland.

    22.    Which of the following is not considered a tropic hormone?

a.
thyroid-stimulating hormone
b.
adrenocorticotropic hormone
c.
antidiuretic hormone
d.
follicle-stimulating hormone

    23.    Which of the following is not true of the adrenal medulla?

a.
It is the inner portion of the adrenal gland.
b.
It secretes epinephrine.
c.
It is the target organ for ACTH.
d.
All of the above are true of the adrenal medulla.

    5.    Which of the following is not true of luteinizing hormone?

a.
It is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
b.
Its target organ cells are in the ovaries.
c.
It stimulates ovulation.
d.
All of the above are true of luteinizing hormone.

    6.    ACTH

a.
causes the ovary to begin forming an egg follicle
b.
stimulates the production of adrenal cortex hormone
c.
stimulates the release of adrenaline
d.
has target organ cells in the thyroid gland

    7.    Acromegaly is caused by

a.
hypersecretion of ACTH
b.
hyposecretion of ACTH
c.
hypersecretion of growth hormone
d.
hyposecretion of growth hormone

    8.    Dwarfism can be caused by

a.
hypersecretion of ACTH
b.
hyposecretion of ACTH
c.
hypersecretion of growth hormone
d.
hyposecretion of growth hormone