2. Sophia, a 58-year-old moderately obese woman, is seeing her primary health care provider. Sophia is concerned because she cut her foot two weeks ago and the wound is not healing. The health care provider notes that Sophia has lost 30 pounds since her last appointment. Despite her weight loss, she states that she has been very hungry lately, and is eating much more than usual. She also reports that she is constantly thirsty, and is experiencing frequent urination. Based on her symptoms and diagnostic studies performed by her health care provider, Sophia learns that she has diabetes mellitus. (6 points) a. What type of diabetes mellitus do you think Sophia has? Why? b. Explain to Sophia what measures she will have to take to control her symptoms. c. Explain two complications that can occur with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. d. Sophia has a niece that has had diabetes since she was six years old. What type of diabetes does Sophia’s niece most likely have? Sophia wants to know how their conditions are similar and how they are

different. How would you answer her?

Describe the pathophysiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis at the cellular level. How is it different from non-rheumatoid arthritis?

mlO2/dLblood = (gHb/dLblood) * (%sat/100) * (1.34 mlO2/dLblood)
Given 16gHb/dL and saturation of 92%, what is the ml of oxygen in the blood?

1.Natural selection operates at the population level while evolution operates on individuals. True or False

2. Because mules (a cross between a horse and a donkey) are sterile, they cannot be considered a species. True or False

3.Transposable elements are DNA sequences that a. can copy themselves into entirely new areas of the chromosomes. b. occur only on the X and Y chromosomes. c. contain numerous point mutations. d. are not coded to produce proteins.

a)You are walking through your living room when you step on a Lego.  Briefly describe the process of sensing and responding to this painful stimulus.  Be very specific about the efferent pathway that will be involved in your response. Include nervous system division, a neurotransmitter(s) that will be utilized and stimulation of effector(s).

b)You have just eaten a large Thanksgiving meal and are relaxing on the couch enjoying the holiday with your family.  Briefly describe the process of sensing and responding to these stimuli.  Be very specific about the efferent pathway that will be involved in your response.  Include nervous system division, a neurotransmitter(s) that will be utilized and stimulation of effector(s).

Describe a spinal reflex. In your answer use the following terms: Somatic motor neuron, sensory neuron, ascending signal, thalmus, sensory cortex.

QUESTION 1

1. Blood flows:

   		from the common iliac vein to the inferior vena cava to the heart
   		from the heart to the inferior vena cava to the common iliac vein

QUESTION 2

1. Blood flows:

   		from the heart to the superior vena cava to the head
   		from the head to the superior vena cava to the heart

QUESTION 3

1. Blood flows:

   		from both the renal veins and the external iliac veins separately to the inferior vena cava
   		from the external iliac veins to the renal veins to the inferior vena cava

QUESTION 4

1. Blood flows:

   		from the aortic trunk to the common carotid artery to the head
   		from the head to the common carotid artery to the aortic trunk

QUESTION 5

1. Blood flows:

   		from the aorta to the celiac trunk to the hepatic arteries to the liver
   		from the liver to the hepatic arteries to the celiac trunk to the aorta

QUESTION 6

1. Blood flows:

   		from the aorta to the bronchial arteries to the lungs
   		from the lungs to the bronchial arteries to the aorta

QUESTION 7

1. Blood flows;

   		from the common iliac artery to the aorta
   		from the aorta to the common iliac artery

QUESTION 8

1. Blood flows:

   		from the aortic arch to the brachiocephalic trunk to the left subclavian artery
   		from the aortic arch to both the brachiocephalic trunk and the left subclavian artery separately

QUESTION 9

1. Blood flows:

   		from the inferior vena cava to the hepatic vein to the hepatic portal vein
   		from the hepatic portal vein to the hepatic vein to the inferior vena cava

QUESTION 10

1. Blood in medium-sized arteries flows next to:

   		smaller arteries
   		larger arteries

•Hydrogen bonding between water molecules is essential for lung expansion to occur, but also increases resistance during inspiration. Explain this contrast by describing the locations and how hydrogen bonding plays a positive and negative role in ventilation.

•Draw a diagram of the lung to show these opposing forces

•What would happen if intrapleural pressure(IPP) equaled atmospheric pressure (AtmP)?

•How could this happen?

5. Follow the intrinsic conduction pathway and describe how the remaining 99% of the cardiac cells are stimulated. How is the action potential in the intrinsic cells different from the action potential in the contractile cells?

Explain how cancer cells use the lymphatic system to metastasize to other organs.

Based on your understanding of barrier defenses, explain why large coverage burns are often so fatal.

Describe at least FOUR processes in neurons and/or myocytes (muscle cells: skeletal, smooth, & cardiac) in which Calcium Ions (Ca++) function as important intracellular secondary messengers. Diagram how calcium exerts its effect on cells in each of these cases (what molecules does it act upon, and what is the result?).

Which tissue type lines the intestinal tract? What accessory structures significantly increases the surface area of this epithelium?

Which tissue type would you expect to find lining the alveoli of the lungs? Why?

Which tissue type would you expect to observe cushioning, protecting and insulating the viscera in the abdominal cavity?