1.

Which of the following is TRUE about the functions of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)? There may be more than one answer.

Select one or more:

a. ANP increases the glomerular filtration rate by binding at the afferent arteriole to cause the walls to vasoconstrict.

b. ANP binds at the posterior pituitary gland to suppress the secretion of ADH into the blood.

c. ANP binds at the adrenal cortex to suppress the secretion of aldosterone.

d. ANP binds at the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to suppress the Na⁺ reabsorption.

e. ANP binds at the juxtaglomerular apparatus to suppress the secretion of renin.

f. All of the above

2.

Which of the following is TRUE about the signal transduction for diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP₃)?  

Select one:

a. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are first messengers that bind to Alpha 1 receptors to activate protein kinase C at the cell membrane.

b. Phospholipase C, an amplifier enzyme, converts membrane phospholipid into two second messengers, diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate.

c. Inositol triphosphate remains in the cell membrane and activates protein kinase C, which phosphorylate other proteins for cellular response.

d. Diacylglycerol diffuses from the cell membrane into the cytoplasm to activate the sarcoplasmic reticulum to secrete calcium into the cytosol for cellular response.

3.

Which of the following statements associated with the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is TRUE?

Select one:

a. The granular cells of the afferent arteriole in the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin, an enzyme, when the afferent arteriole detects a lower blood pressure.

b. The liver cells would secrete angiotensinogen which is converted by the renin into angiotensin I.

c. Angiotensin I is converted into angiotensin II by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) which is an enzyme secreted by the lungs.

d. Angiotensin II can cause arteriolar vasoconstriction and stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone.

e. Aldosterone binds at the principal cells of the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct to promote the production of Na⁺ channels and the opening of Na⁺ channels in order to increase the Na⁺ reabsorption which will increase the plasma osmolarity, blood pressure, and blood volume while it will decrease the urine flow rate.

f. All of the above

g. None of the above

Physiologists discover a new disease affecting neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). They have called the condition PLT disease and it causes weakness and increasing fatigue in skeletal muscles, due to the production of antibodies that target membrane-bound receptors of skeletal muscle cells.

Using your knowledge of neurophysiology (M1) and the muscular system (M4), please answer the following questions below. Be sure to clearly label the different parts.

PART A How will the antibodies produced in PLT disease affect neuromuscular transmission? Identify the specific receptors on the skeletal muscle cells that will be targeted by these antibodies and the neurotransmitters involved.

PART B The physiologists decide to treat PLT disease with a class of drug that enhances cholinergic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ).

Explain why enhancing cholinergic transmission at the NMJ is a suitable treatment for PLT disease which causes skeletal muscle weakness.

Your extended response should include: a detailed explanation of the events involved in cholinergic transmission, the role of cholinesterase in normal NMJ physiology, the specific action of anticholinesterases on cholinesterase, and how anticholinesterases will affect skeletal muscular contraction.

Describe how an action potential is propagated through an axon, and how neurotransmitters are released in response to the action potential reaching the synaptic terminal

1a. Janae is diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. In terms of this complete blood count, what might you expect to see? Why is she tired all of the time?

1b. While he was in the ICU with bacterial sepis, Domingo was diagnosed with DIC . His physician said he is suffering from several of his organs shutting down, due to blood clots, and he also has numerous bruises throughout his body. Please explain why.

1c. Mrs. Doyle has a long history of lung problems causing her chronic hypoxia, releasing growth factor. She has symptoms of itching, h/a, backache, and visual disturbance. As a result, what might we expect to see in terms of her red blood cell count? High or low? What is the diagnosis for this blood condition and how might she treat it?

Topic: Ministry of Health take many health issues seriously such as breast cancer .each year MOH has serval programs to reach the community and raise awareness for people.

- Create initiatives or a plan that you believe would help to minimize the number of cases in Saudi Arabia

- how privet and public institution can help to achieve the shared goal?

- Share the latest statistics regarding this issue globally

Homer has been receiving radiation treatment for esophageal cancer. He was admitted to a locale hospital with tachycardia, wheezing, shortness of breath and peripheral edema. A medical resident commented that Homer’s heart sounds were muffled. What is the most likely cause of his current condition? How might this condition explain his symptoms?

Mary has a heart rate of 72 beats per minute, a blood pressure of 118/74, a hemoglobin concentration of 152 g/l, a cardiac output of 5.4, an arterial SO2 of 97% and a venous SO2 of 76%. What is Marys A-V O2 diff?

What is Marys oxygen consumption?

What is Marys stroke volume?

You’re having a discussion with a colleague who insists that intermediate filaments, IFs, provide very little mechanical strength to cells. How can you rebut this and provide quantitative, experimental evidence to measure the strength of an intermediate filament using microscopy?   

1. Case Study 4: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an auto-immune neurological condition of the Central Nervous System (CNS), in which the body’s immune system begins to recognise myelin as a foreign substance and destroys it. The loss of myelin can make it hard for the brain to send and receive signals to and from the rest of the body.

Question:  What impact does the destruction of myelin have on a neuron?

2.

Case Study 4: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an auto-immune neurological condition of the Central Nervous System (CNS), in which the body’s immune system begins to recognise myelin as a foreign substance and destroys it. The loss of myelin can make it hard for the brain to send and receive signals to and from the rest of the body.

Question: What cells will attempt to support the damaged neurons, in someone with MS?

3.

Case Study 4: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an auto-immune neurological condition of the Central Nervous System (CNS), in which the body’s immune system begins to recognise myelin as a foreign substance and destroys it. The loss of myelin can make it hard for the brain to send and receive signals to and from the rest of the body.

Question: Some MS patients will experience impaired communication between the CNS & the efferent division of the Somatic Nervous System. Which of the following could be a resulting sign/symptom of this?

4.

Case Study 4: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an auto-immune neurological condition of the Central Nervous System (CNS), in which the body’s immune system begins to recognise myelin as a foreign substance and destroys it. The loss of myelin can make it hard for the brain to send and receive signals to and from the rest of the body.

Question: Some MS patients may begin to experience bladder & bowel (digestive) complications. This would be likely due to the impaired connection between the CNS & which other division of the nervous system (NS)?

5.

Case Study 3: Susan is a 42 year old female, who presents to her doctor complaining of sporadic abdominal pain. She explained that she experiences most pain after meals. An ultrasound later confirms that Susan has gallstones, a condition she has had in the past. Gall stones are hardened deposits that can form in your gallbladder. Gallstones can cause blockages which result in severe pain, along with other symptoms.

Question: The doctor explained to Susan that the ultrasound has detected the gallstones have blocked a duct, which is preventing the breakdown of certain foods. Which duct is the doctor likely referring to?

6.

Case Study 3: Susan is a 42 year old female, who presents to her doctor complaining of sporadic abdominal pain. She explained that she experiences most pain after meals. An ultrasound later confirms that Susan has gallstones, a condition she has had in the past. Gall stones are hardened deposits that can form in your gallbladder. Gallstones can cause blockages which result in severe pain, along with other symptoms.

Question: What type of food is most likely to worsen Susan’s pain:

7.

Case Study 3: Susan is a 42 year old female, who presents to her doctor complaining of sporadic abdominal pain. She explained that she experiences most pain after meals. An ultrasound later confirms that Susan has gallstones, a condition she has had in the past. Gall stones are hardened deposits that can form in your gallbladder. Gallstones can cause blockages which result in severe pain, along with other symptoms.

Question: In the past, gallstones have not caused Susan grief because they have passed through the appropriate duct & through the remainder of the digestive tract. What structures, in order, would the gallstones have passed through before exiting the body?

8.

Case Study 3: Susan is a 42 year old female, who presents to her doctor complaining of sporadic abdominal pain. She explained that she experiences most pain after meals. An ultrasound later confirms that Susan has gallstones, a condition she has had in the past. Gall stones are hardened deposits that can form in your gallbladder. Gallstones can cause blockages which result in severe pain, along with other symptoms.

Question: Which process/es of digestion has the blockage caused by the gallstones impacted:

1. Mechanical digestion
2. Chemical Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Peristalsis

9.

Case Study 3: Susan is a 42 year old female, who presents to her doctor complaining of sporadic abdominal pain. She explained that she experiences most pain after meals. An ultrasound later confirms that Susan has gallstones, a condition she has had in the past. Gall stones are hardened deposits that can form in your gallbladder. Gallstones can cause blockages which result in severe pain, along with other symptoms.

Question: Which of the following symptoms would you NOT expect someone with gallstones to experience?

10. Epidemiologists quantify the frequency of disease by developing a definition of the disease, instituting a mechanism for counting cures of disease within a population, and determining the size of that population. It is only when the number of cures are related to the size of the population that we know the true frequency of disease.

A True

B False

11. What is the primary difference between public health and medicine?

12.

What was the inital goal of the Framingham Study?

13.

The original Streptomycin Tuberculosis Trial was conducted in Australia during the 1980s.

A True

B False

14.

James Lind conducted one of the first observational studies in the neighborhoods of 19th-century London and discovered that contaminated drinking water was the cause of cholera.

A True

B False

15.

Population is a group of people with a common characteristic.

A True

B False

16.

Define disease frequency

Disease frequency is ...

What are the three major fluid compartments?

Please answer the questions in detail regarding the Digestive System:

1) Caloric content is useful information but there are many other variables that are important in choosing a healthy diet. One of them (for carbohydrates) is glycemic index. What is the glycemic index of a food and how can the data you collect be misleading without considering it?

2) When carbohydrates (or any food) molecules are absorbed rapidly what happens to them?

Compare replication strategies of parvoviruses with those of papillomaviruses?

1. What step is unique in endocrine system communication compared to the synapse?

2. What is the major benefit to an animal of a nervous system instead of merely an endocrine system?

3. How is the pancreas both an endocrine and an exocrine gland?

Indicate the signals that trigger the release of thyroid hormone and epinephrine.
4. Release of T4:
5. Release of Adrenalin:

Debate the concept: “Food fads can be dangerous, and the concept of junk foods is overstated!” State your pros and cons. What do you lean towards?

Topic: Anemia

Definition/Description:

Causes:

Risk Factors:

Symptoms:

Complications:

Prevention:

Treatment