When ovulation occurs, what is released from the follicle? Choose all the correct options.

a. Ovum

b. Cumulus oophorus

c. Fluid from the antrum of the follicle

d. Zona pellucida around the ovum

During dental procedures, dentists inject local anesthetics in the nerve pathway supporting the region they are working on. These local anesthetics block Na+ (sodium) channels. Explain in detail the process of a typical action potential, and how local anesthetics prevent the transmission of pain impulses to the brain.

Topic 2: Resting membrane potential

Describe how a resting membrane potential is established in the wrong. and your answer be sure to include

• A definition of membrane potential

• The resting membrane potential of neurons

• What does this value mean

• What ions are involved in establishing the resting membrane potential? What are the General concentration effects on resting membrane potential? why? The answer should include descriptions of relevant permeabilities, equilibrium potential, and concentration gradients.

• What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in the resting membrane potential?

Topic 1: Feedback loops.

Define & give real-life physiological examples of a negative and positive feedback loop, in your answer include.

• Definitions for the negative and positive feedback loop

• Physiological examples of each

• A general description of the four major components of the feedback loop and what those components are in each of your examples

• A drawing of the feedback loop including where the negative and positive feedback occurs.

Topic 4: Central nervous system.

For the brain structure/ areas below, provide the following information

1. Location

2. General function

3. Example of when the structure/ area would be active

4. A disease/ disorder that affects the structure/ area, and why physiology dysfunction this would result in

structures/ areas (mus complete all )

• Broca area

• Primary motor cortex

• Primary somatosensory cortex

• Primary visual cortex

• Auditory association area

• Prefrontal association area

• Basal ganglia

• Pineal gland

• Medulla oblongata

Topic 5: Endocrine case study

Following routine blood work, your doctor informs you that you have Primary hyperthyroidism. based on this diagnosis answer the following question

• What is the difference between primary and secondary hyperthyroidism

• What do you expect the blood work to show elevated or decreased levels of thyroid hormones( thyroxine T3/T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH? Why?

• if left untreated what do you expect a goiter to develop? why?

Topic 6: Skeletal muscle contraction

Describe in detail the entire process of excitation coupling in skeletal muscle, begin with an action potential reaching the synaptic knob of a motor neuron through completion of a cross Bridge cycle. after detailing those events to include the following information

• Define a motor unit describe motor unit recruitment and Explain how these terms relate to excitation-contraction coupling.

• Define and describe muscle twitch and summation and explain how these terms relate to motor unit/motor unit Recruitment and excitation-contraction coupling.

Topic 7: Cardiac action potential.

Define and describe the differences in the location and function of cardiac autorhythmic and contractile cells. in detail draw and describe the action potential of these two cell types of making sure to include

• Voltages At which important events occur

  • Resting membrane potential

  • Threshold potential

  • Peak of the action potential

  • Repolarization and hyperpolarization phase

• types of different ion channels and their state throughout

  • When do they open and close?

• What ions are moving where and when

• any other relevant information

1. Describe all factors that result in rigor mortis that occurs after the death of an individual.

2. Please provide short answers to the following questions:

1. How is a skeletal muscle fiber categorized as either fast or slow?

2. Which skeletal muscle fibers have many capillaries and many mitochondria? Why?

3. What color are oxidative fibers? Justify why.

3. Suzane was riding her bicycle on a busy street when a car made a sudden right turn out of the left lane of traffic directly in front of her. Though she hit her brakes as hard as she could, she ended up crashing into the rear door of the vehicle at a high speed. Immediately after hitting the ground she felt a sudden, sharp pain in the left side of her thorax and experienced sudden dyspnea (shortness of breath, difficulty breathing). Given her symptoms, what has likely happened to Suzane? Explain as completely as possible the mechanisms behind her injury and symptoms.

4. Coal miners who spend years inhaling fine coal dust have much of their alveolar surface covered with scar-like tissue. How would this condition affect exchange of gases between alveoli and capillaries? Explain in details.

5. A track sprinter has just completed a 200-m sprint. His legs are “burning” as lactic acid builds up within his muscle cells. This lactic acid is produced as his muscle cells increase the rate of glycolysis and fermentation to provide the necessary ATP to power the quick muscular contractions necessary during sprinting. The production of excess lactic acid in skeletal muscle cells leads to local acidosis (i.e. decreased pH) of the tissues.

1. What effect does local acidosis have on the delivery of oxygen to the working tissues?
2. What is this effect called?
3. Why is it important in this situation?

a)_Discuss the small intestine and include one usual abnormal finding