Describe in detail the action of insulin. Be sure to include a description of what it is (what kind of biomolecule/class of hormone), how its secretion is regulated, where specifically it is secreted from, its general effects on body cells, and finally each of its specific effects (if it has any) on: skeletal muscle, the liver, adipose tissue, and blood glucose levels.

The dentist asks you to make provisional crown for teeth #8 and #9. Your choice of coverage the polycarbonate crown. Because the teeth involved are the maxillary centrals, what are your concerns regarding these provisional crowns?

Kate, age 57 years, is experiencing severe rheumatoid arthritis in her wrists, fingers, and knees. The joints are quite inflamed, red, and swollen. She is sitting rigidly in a chair and refuses to put on a sweater, even though she is shivering, or let anyone touch her arms. She has been prescribed an analgesic and an anti-inflammatory drug, but her dose is not due for another hour. She is feeling nauseated, so she has not eaten for the past 8 hours.

Discuss the potential treatment strategies and medications involved to relieve the pain being experienced by the patient. Explain the complications of continued use of over the counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) medications. What other medications are appropriate for this patient, and why?

Describe the factors that affect cardiac output in a female athlete who is speed skating toward the finish line in an Olympic race.

Diagram and describe the removal of CO2 from working tissues and release to the environment.

How Drugs Impacts our brain and body

Our bodies, as the great machine ever constructed, gets damage by the misuse of substance, that is call damaging addictions. The addiction is the cause for the destruction of this amazing machine that starts when we force it to react in the way that is not supposed to work. Everything starts in our brain: When dopamine is diminished due to the mistreatment of our brain instruments (opium receptors, neurons, etc…) that controls the release of this very important substance, that tell us “this feels good”. One will uncontrollably became obsess with an unreal “survival” mode, that is call addiction. Drugs can accelerate dopamine into our body in an irregular speed making our brain violently abused and in consequence damage.

Our body will also suffer due to the injury of the brain. If the brain is mistreated will make us feel unmotivated to do or act in a healthy way affecting the health of our body too. The mistreatment of our brain and body creates the environment of the addict. The addict, nonstop, will not comprehend how or why, the nail on their head like the short video that we saw last class, makes them feel unmotivated to create a healthy life for themselves or anyone around them.

Taking a red blood cell from X-Y includes vessels, chambers and valves of heart.

1) heart to capillary bed of right thumb and back to the heart (presume LV to RA)

2) left pulmonary vein to right great toe

3) superior mesenteric artery to the inferior vena cava

4) from the heart to the brain and back to the heart (presume LV to RA)

Discuss the concept of an “upper motor neuron” vs a “lower motor neuron”. List all the neurons and their motor system pathways that might be considered upper motor neurons. Describe the consequences of a lesion to an upper motor neuron and a lower motor neuron. This answer should address issues of muscle tone, reflexes, and any other characteristics that help to differentiate between upper and lower motor neuron lesions. Give some common examples (i.e. diseases, dysfunctions, trauma) when these respective lesions would occur. What is the prognosis for recovery from UMN and LMN lesions. What are the differences between spasticity, rigidity, decerebrate rigidity and decorticate rigidity?

When thinking of the cell and all of its component organelles, can you compare anything in society that simulates the cell and it's inner workings?

Dieting is common in our society and everyone wants a piece of the action. So many diets are available to choose from if someone wants to change their health; e.g., lose weight. Often times, diets are promoted with claims of great success.

Choose a particular diet and analyze it in terms of scientific evidence, or lack thereof. Then, design a controlled experiment to test a hypothesis based on this diet. The experiment must include multiple individuals within a control and experimental group. Specify how you will measure the outcome of the experiment identifying both the independent and dependent variables. Describe the potential outcomes of the experiment in terms of supporting the hypothesis.

We classify foods into three groups based on their chemical compositions: Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats. The digestive and absorptive process differs among these groups due to their chemical structures.

For each of these macromolecules:

1) Come up with an example of each -- what's your representative food item of carbohydrate, protein, and fat.

2) Identify their chemical structures for monomer unit, and the macromolecule polymer.  

3) Determine the digestive reaction that splits the macromolecule into monomers: starch into glucose units; proteins into amino acids; and TAGs into free fatty-acids.

4) identify the digestive enzyme that catalyzes each of these reactions.

Explore the relationship between the human body systems, (musculoskeletal, GI, metabolic, cardiovascular and respiratory) and the flight environment.

QUESTION 1

1. A multilingual individual with extensive atrophy is still able to perform within normal limits on most measures of cognitive ability. This is an example of

   		Brain reserve
   		Cognitive reserve
   		Inhibition Deficit
   		Transmission Deficit

2 points   

QUESTION 2

1. 80-year-old female presents with a brain 19% smaller than when she was 40 and a reduction in dendritic/synaptic spines. Is this an example of Healthy Aging?  

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 3

1. Many of the linguistic changes associated with healthy aging can be attributed to a reduction in:

   		Episodic memory
   		Semantic memory
   		Working memory
   		Procedural Memory

2 points   

QUESTION 4

1. 120-year-old female presents with declining scores on sustained attention and recalling new information. Yet she walks 10 miles a day and is a lifelong vegetarian. Is this an example of healthy aging?

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 5

1. 65-year-old female presents with a decline in coherence scores, as well as a reduction in syntactic complexity. Semantic memory did not demonstrate any decline. fMRI demonstrated a shift from utilizing episodic memory to using more semantic memory. On measures of working memory with distractors, the individual was able to remember 3 items. Is this an example of healthy aging?

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 6

1. 90-year-old man presents with attention, memory, working memory, and executive function scores within normal limits. He also scores within normal limits on measures of receptive and expressive language. However, his discourse samples do show a small reduction in the number of vocabulary items produced. Is this an example of healthy aging?

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 7

1. A 40-year-old man presents with a decline in divided/alternating attention and executive function. An MRI reveals his brain as shrunk by 5% within the last decade. Is this an example of healthy aging?

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 8

1. A theory of aging where the main physiological mechanism focuses on the deterioration of the myelin sheath that covers neuronal axons?

   		Slowed Processing
   		Transmission Deficit
   		Inhibition Deficit
   		Region-Specific Hypothesis

2 points   

QUESTION 9

1. Chronological age is tied to biological age?

   True

   False

1 points   

QUESTION 10

1. A 60-year-old female presents with a decline in divided/alternating attention and executive function, especially inhibition. The individual also presents with no decline in language production, but there is a moderate decline in comprehension. Is this an example of healthy aging?

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 11

1. A 65-year-old female presents with cognitive scores within normal limits for attention, memory, working memory, and executive function. She hasn't noticed a change in her language production or comprehension. She claims to read everyday. An MRI revealed several tiny infarcts across the cortex. Is this an example of healthy aging?

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 12

1. 75-year-old female presents with declining scores in the recall of novel word lists but scores within normal limits on measures of semantic memory. Measures of attention and executive function show no decline. However, her working memory capacity is reduced to 1 item with distractors and 4 items without distractors. She is able to perform her activities of daily living independently.  

   Yes

   No

2 points   

QUESTION 13

1. Theory of aging that focuses on the atrophy of brain regions, especially the frontal cortex.

   		Slowed Processing
   		Transmission Deficit
   		Inhibition Deficit
   		Region-Specific Hypothesis