At puberty, FSH and LH

Factors that might influence recent changes in the age at which puberty begins include

Dr. West loves to drink caffeinated coffee. She knows that caffeine makes her feel awake by

List the similarities and differences of the layers of the epidermis.

The demands of exercise necessitate numerous physiological changes in animals, especially in circulation and muscle metabolism. Consider prolonged exercise activity (e.g. long-distance migration or a marathon run in human exercise).

1. Describe the changing demands in muscle metabolism as exercise progresses (from seconds to minutes to hours). How will the fuel used by locomotory muscles change?
2. Describe the associated changes in respiration and circulation in order to meet the increased demand of skeletal muscle. What specific changes in cardiac output and capillaries at the muscle bed take place, and how are these regulated?

During the crossbridge cycle of skeletal muscle contraction, the binding of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the globular myosin head first causes which of the following? Select one: a. Movement of tropomyosin to expose the myosin binding site on the actin molecule b. Myosin head to bind to actin c. Myosin head to detach from actin d. Myosin head to swing forward pulling actin toward the M-line e. Myosin head to be cocked into its high-energy state

Which signals sent through the central nervous system travel faster than others? Is there a particular hormone that intrigues or fascinates you? Which one(s)? Why?

• State the main digestive roles of the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
• Identify three main features of liver histology that are critical to its function
• Discuss the composition and function of bile
• Identify the major types of enzymes and buffers present in pancreatic juice

• Label on a diagram the four main regions of the stomach, its curvatures, and its sphincter
• Identify the four main types of secreting cells in gastric glands, and their important products
• Explain why the stomach does not digest itself
• Describe the mechanical and chemical digestion of food entering the stomach

What prevents the female body from rejecting the embryo/fetus, as this is a new tissue developing in her body that is genetically different from her own tissues?

Draw, at high power, a section of loose (areolar) connective tissue,adipose tissue and hyaline cartilage. For areolar CT, label the extracellular fibers (collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers), and some living cells (you will most likely see fibroblasts and possibly adipocytes). For adipose tissue, label the cytoplasm with nucleus and the fat-storage area. For hyaline cartilage, be able to label the chondrocytes and matrix.

Explain the challenges the vertebrates faced in moving from water onto land and give a ‘solution’ or response to each challenge that can be seen in modern reptiles.

Name any two phases of mitosis and describe the cellular activities that occur during that phase.

The surgical ward at a public hospital was having an outbreak of diarrheal illness. The patients with the illness had all had surgery and were taking antibiotics as preventative measure to prevent infection. Symptoms of the disease cramping, numerous bloody stools and inflammation of the colon. A Gram positive, endospore forming bacillus was isolated from 25 patients. Three of these patients died.

a. What was the probable “etiological” agent (pathogen)?

b. What is the most likely source of his infection, and how would you verify this?

c. Determine if the illness was due to an intoxication or an infection and give the information you based your answer on.

d. What was the probable treatment protocol for this illness? (how were they treated

e. Explain how this outbreak could have been prevented.