1. If you are examining microscopic sample taken from the digestive system and (at first glance) notice that duodenal glands are present BUT do not see goblet cells with sparse villi then ______________

A.you cannot confirm anything and should examine the tissue a second time.

B. you can confirm that you are viewing tissue taken from the stomach

C. you can confirm that you are viewing tissue taken from the large intestine

D. you can confirm you are viewing tissue taken from the duodenum

2.  When examining tissue you need to be able to distinguish the difference between adventitia and serosa. One of the major ways to do this is by noting __________

These two structures are identical (within the digestive system). The only difference is the location where each is found

A. Adventitia dos not have mesothelium and serosa does

B. Adventitia is connective tissue that is not continuous with the surrounding tissues.

C. Serosa is thick relative to adventitia

D. The only area in the body with adventitia is the esaphogus.

3. Near the muscularis mucosae, the bases of the gastric glands contain fewer parietal cells but many more zymogenic chief cells.

A. True

B. False

Follow a molecule of oxygen thru the upper and lower respiratory system to the respiratory membrane?

34. The myogenic reflex differs from a short reflex in which of the following ways?

a. The myogenic reflex is initiated by a stretch reflex

b. The myogenic reflex only involves one cell type

c. The myogenic reflex results in smooth muscle concentration

35. Which of the following is the most potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion?

a. Somatostain

b. Gastrin

c. Acetylcholine

36. how do bile salts differ from lipases in digestion?

a. Bile salts help with fast digestion

b. Bile salts break bonds between fatty acids and the glycerol backbone

c. Bile salts can be recycled many times during a meal

11. In healthy individual, which two events are likely to occur at the same time?

a. Glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis

b. Lipolysis and increased plasma glucagon levels

c. Release of fatty acids from the adipose tissue and increased plasma insulin levels  

13. Why is the liver less likely to produce ATP from fatty acid oxidation?

a. The liver prefers to oxidize glycogen stored in the tissue

b. Oxaloacetate levels in the liver is too low to produce ATP from fatty acids

c. Access to fatty acids in the liver is limited due to the absence of a fatty acid transporter

1. Which of the following sets of hormones are antagonists?

   1. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

   2. Glucagon and insulin

   3. GHRH and GHIH

   4. All of the above

   5. None of the above

2. The primary effect of calcitonin is to

   1. Increase blood glucose

   2. Decrease blood glucose

   3. Increase blood calcium

   4. Decrease blood calcium

   5. Regulate metabolism

3. The “master endocrine gland” is the ___

   1. Thyroid

   2. Pituitary

   3. Adrenal

   4. Parathyroid

   5. pineal

4. ___ are attached to transport proteins within the bloodstream.

   1. ​​​​​​​Releasing hormones

   2. Pancreatic hormones

   3. Water-soluble hormones

   4. Lipid-soluble hormones

   5. All of the above

5. Pitocin is the synthetic form of ___ used to induce labor by stimulating uterine contractions.

   1. ​​​​​​​ Estrogen

   2. Progesterone

   3. Prolactin

   4. Oxytocin

   5. Human chorionic gonadotropin

1. Which of the following does not secrete hormones as a part of the endocrine system?

   1. Pancreas

   2. Ovaries and testes

   3. Muscles and bones

   4. Brain

   5. kidneys

2. Calcitonin is a hormone of the ___

   1. Adrenal gland

   2. Thyroid gland

   3. Pancreas

   4. Pituitary gland

   5. Parathyroid gland

3. The adrenal medulla secretes ___

   1. Mineralocorticoids

   2. Glucocorticoids

   3. Androgens

   4. Adrenalins

   5. All of the above

4. The main link between the nervous and endocrine systems is the ___

   1. Thalamus

   2. Hypothalamus

   3. Pituitary gland

   4. Thyroid gland

   5. Adrenal gland

5. The primary target for antidiuretic hormone is the ___

   1. Kidney

   2. Hypothalamus

   3. Uterus

   4. Adrenal gland

   5. Pituitary gland

What is the rate of elimination of the CO₂ by the alveolar ventilation?

1. ___ increases the action of osteoblasts.

   1. Parathyroid hormone

   2. T3 and T4

   3. Glucago

   4. Aldosterone

   5. Calcitonin

2. Which of the following glands needs iodine to function properly?

   1. Hypothalamus

   2. Pituitary

   3. Adrenal

   4. Pancreas

   5. thyroid

3. The primary site for estrogen production is the ___

   1. Uterus

   2. Ovaries

   3. Mammary glands

   4. Hypothalamus

   5. Adrenal medulla

4. Thyroid-stimulating hormone is secreted by the ___

   1. Hypothalamus

   2. Anterior pituitary gland

   3. Posterior pituitary gland

   4. Thyroid gland

   5. None of the above

5. Which of the following is not a function of the endocrine system?

   1. Regulates metabolism

   2. Regulates the chemical composition and volume of the body’s internal environment

   3. Controls growth and development

   4. Quickly responds to stimuli by way of action potentials

   5. Regulates operation of the reproductive system

1. The primary target for glucagon is the___

   1. Liver

   2. Pancreas

   3. Kidney

   4. Pituitary gland

   5. Hypothalamus

2. Releasing and inhibiting hormones are produced by the ___

1. Hypothalamus

2. Anterior pituitary

3. Posterior pituitary

4. Thyroid gland

5. Adrenal gland

3. FSH and LH target ___

1. The thyroid gland

2. The adrenal gland

3. The pancreas

4. The pituitary gland

5. The ovaries and/or testes

4. The islets of Langerhans are the endocrine portion of the ___

1. Adrenal cortex

2. Adrenal medulla

3. Liver

4. Pancreas

5. Thyroid gland

5. The mammary glands are an important target for ___

1. FSH

2. LH

3. Oxytocin

4. Prolactin

5. Both C and D

a) Why would exercise influence the R-R interval? Would a change in R-R interval following a short period of exercise be the same for all people, why/why not?

b) Each component of the ECG waveform is associated with a particular activity during the cardiac cycle. Based on your knowledge of the actions of the heart associated with the P, Q, R, S, and T waves in the ECG, and what actions in the heart generate the lub-dub sounds, when would you expect to hear the lub and dub sounds in relation to the different components of the ECG waveform?

Briefly explain why you might expect neoplastic cells in a primary tumor to be more heterogeneous to each other (especially in terms of mutations) as compared to the neoplastic cells in a metastasis.

2. We have multiple important muscles or muscle groups in the body. Chose one of the following and detail its attachment, insertion, the part of the body it moves, and anything else of particular importance: quadriceps; biceps; triceps; hamstrings; gluteus Maximus; gluteus mini us; gastrocnemius; sartorial; rotator cuff; pectorals; wrist flexor a; wrist extensor a; or tibial is anterior. Explain with support of the appropriate chapters in your book. Using Patton, K. T ; & Thibodeau, G.A. (2015) Anatomy and physiology (8th Ed.) Mosby

Neural Tube.

a. How would over-expression of BMP signaling proteins in the surface ectoderm adjacent to the developing neural tube affect the formation of the dorsolateral hinge points (DHLPs)

b. Cells in the neural tube show an important change in the expression of cell adhesion proteins. What cell adhesion protein stops being produced and what is the effect on neural tube closure if this change does NOT occur?

PLEASE EXPLAIN as much as you can

Chymotrypsinogen

Question 32 options:

Question 33 (1 point)

Slow waves are

Question 33 options:

Question 34 (1 point)

Luteinizing hormone (LH) in males

Question 34 options:

Question 35 (1 point)

D cells in the islet of Langerhans secrete

Question 35 options:

Question 36

The gonads, ovaries in the female and testes in the male, perform these functions

Question 36 options:

1. Give a brief detail of the physiologic steps to muscle contraction. Explain with support of the appropriate chapters in your book. Using Patton, k. T; & Thiobodeau, G.A. (2015) Anatomy and physiology (8th ed.) Mosby. To provide pages numbers from the book.