Q5. Now we are going to trace the path nutrients take from their ingestion to their destination in the body. Along the way, make sure to include for each: the anatomical pathway taken in the digestive tract, where absorption of that nutrient occurs, the passageway it would take through the body to reach the heart, and the physical/chemical processes that would be used to break down each substance.

1. Trace the path of a cookie, which is composed primarily of carbohydrates, from ingestion to the heart.
2. Trace the path of an egg, which is composed primarily of protein, from ingestion to the heart.
3. Trace the path of greasy fried food, which is composed primarily of lipids, from ingestion to the heart.

11) Which of the following statements concerning oogenesis is true? (1 point)

A) Oogenesis begins after birth

B) Ova develop from stem cells called oogenesis

C) An ovum completes its last mitosis after it is fertilized

D) About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty

E) By the time of their birth, girls have already lost about 80 percent of their oocytes

12) Select all of the following that are true of the vvagina. (1 point)

A) Loses its inner lining during menses

B) Has a cervix for connection to the uterus

C) Holds sperm before their movement to the uterus

D) Is the lower region of the birth canal

E) Assists in urine movement via the urethra

22) Select all of the correct statements below. (2 points)

A) Resolution occurs after orgasm or ejaculation in the male

B) Nitric oxide is an important component of the erection process in the male

C) Infertility is defined as the inability to maintain an erection long enough for sexual activity

D) Testosterone levels remain steady until around 80 years of age in the male

E) Emission is moving of seminal fluids out of the body

16) Follicle-stimulating hormone (1 point)

A) Stimulates the thyroid follicles

B) Stimulates oogenesis

C) Stimulates maturation of primordial follicles in the testes

D) Is important only in females

E) Stimulates oogenesis and stimulates maturation of primordial follicles in the testes

17) Prostate enlargement that occurs in men over 50 is known as (1 point)

A) Fibrocystic disease

B) Prostate cancer

C) Testicular cancer

D) Carcinoma

E) Benign prostatic hypertrophy

18) Which of the following conditions is an age-related change for menopause? (1 point)

A) Hypertrophy and repositioning of the uterus

B) Increased mucus secretion in the uterus

C) Decreased hormone production by ovaries

D) Hot flashes, increased sweating, and vasoconstriction of blood vessels

E) Increased proliferation of follicles

19) A procedure known as the episiotomy for childbirth involves cutting which structure? (1 point)

A) vVagina

B) Perineum

C) Labia Majora

D) Labia Minora

E) Mons Pubis

20) Puberty in a female includes (select all that apply) (2 points)

A) Adipose tissue growth in the breasts and hips

B) Increased muscle mass, especially in the hips

C) Closure of the uterine tubes

D) Regular ovulation triggered by increases in LH, FSH, and estrogen

E) Estradiol production increasing

11. A pulmonary disorder that compromises the integrity of elastic protein fibers in the lungs may cause an increased compliance, poor elastic recoil and collapse of small bronchioles and alveoli. This patient would exhibit all of the following EXCEPT:

A decrease in vital capacity

A decrease in FEV1

An increase in % oxyhemoglobin saturation

Chest pain due to air trapping

12. The majority of CO2 is transported in the blood as:

Dissolved in plasma

HCO3-

Carbaminohemoglobin

Carboxyhemoglobin

13 Patients with chronically high pCO2 blood levels breath due to a hypoxic drive. What would happen if they were to breath 100% oxygen?

Respiratory rate would increase in order to exhale the excess CO2

Respiratory rate would slow and eventually breathing would stop

Respiratory rate would increase producing a respiratory alkalosis to buffer their chronic respiratory acidosis

14. Normal, healthy people breath due to ____________________.

A hypoxic drive

A hypocapnic drive

A hypercapnic drive

15. Which of the following pertains to what happens when the diaphragm, external intercostal, scalene, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior and sternocleidomastoid muscles contract?

This occurs during forced inhalation. Tidal volume measures the total volume of air inspired

This occurs during forced exhalation. VC measures the volume of air forcefully expired

This occurs during forced exhalation. ERV measures the total volume of air expired

This occurs during forced inhalation. The sum of TV and IRV measures the total volume of air inspired

You and your roommates have decided to go to a fraternity party on Saturday night. You arrive at the fraternity house and see another classmate, Jenn, from your psychology class. You go over to say hello and see what she thought of the first exam, but Jenn seems to be acting very strangely. She starts describing fantastic colors made by the lights and how the dance floor is a beautiful sea of diamonds. You take a look around and realize the lights are nothing special, while the floor is definitely made of wood. You take another look at Jenn; her pupils are dilated and she keeps hugging everyone. When she comes over to hug you and tell you how much she’s missed you since yesterday, you observe that Jenn is sweating and clenching her teeth. Additionally, you can feel her heartbeat when she makes contact with you. What drug has Jenn taken?

1. Determine what neurotransmitter is involved with the drug the individual in your case has been using and what led you to believe this.  As a bonus, see if you can identify the particular drug.

2. Determine what the subjective effects of the drug are (i.e., what has a person reported feeling after using the drug).

3. Determine what receptors, transporters, or neurotransmitters could be involved and how the drug affects these receptors, transporters, or neurotransmitters.

How glucose level is controlled in our body, which enzymes and feedback mechanisms involve , explain and make a block diagram.

21) Which of following menstrual cycle events occur simultaneously? (1 point)

A) Maximal LH secretion and menstruation

B) Early follicular development in the ovaries and maximum thickening of the myometrium

C) Ovulation and menstruation

D) Endometrial thickening and increased estrogen production

E) Proliferation and secretion

22) Select all of the correct statements below. (2 points)

A) Resolution occurs after orgasm or ejaculation in the male

B) Nitric oxide is an important component of the erection process in the male

C) Infertility is defined as the inability to maintain an erection long enough for sexual activity

D) Testosterone levels remain steady until around 80 years of age in the male

E) Emission is moving of seminal fluids out of the body

23) The effects of estrogen are (select all that apply). (2 points)

A) Positive feedback on LH and FSH secretion

B) Sloughing of the endometrium

C) Inhibition of GnRH release

D) Stimulation of progesterone release

E) Upregulation of LH receptors in developing follicle

24) What occurs during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle? Select all that apply (2 points)

A) Spiral glands become necrotic

B) Spiral arteries are dilated

C) Spiral glands form in the functional layer

D) Spiral glands secrete glycogen

E) Epithelial cells rapidly divide

25) The secretion of LH causes ________. Select all that apply (2 points)

A) Corpus luteum formation

B) Ovulation

C) Inhibition of testosterone

D) FSH secretion

E) Menopause

26) During the proliferative phase, the secretion of what hormones are increased? Select all that apply (1 points)

A) FSH

B) LH

C) Estrogen

D) Progesterone

E) Testosterone

27) Identify the phases of the menstrual cycle. Select all that apply (1 points)

A) Secretory phase

B) Proliferative phase

C) Menopausal phase

D) Menses

E) Fertile Phase

28) Events that occur during the ovarian cycle include the ______. Select all that apply (1 points)

A) Secretory phase

B) Proliferative phase

C) Luteal phase

D) Follicular phase

E) Ovulation

29) What occurs during menses? Select all that apply (2 points)

A) Secretion of glycogen by endometrial cells

B) Necrosis of the functional layer

C) Constriction of spiral arteries

D) Contraction of uterine smooth muscle

E) Increased secretion of progesterone

30) What are the functions of the placenta? Select all that apply (1 points)

A) Secrete hormones

B) Remove fetal waste

C) Produce mucus necessary for lubrication of the vvagina

D) Contract for delivery of the baby

E) Provide nutrients for the fetus

Why is immunity to the common cold so hard to develop either naturally or through vaccines?

13) During the menses, (1 point)

A) Progesterone levels are high

B) A new uterine tube lining is formed

C) Secretory glands and blood vessels develop in the endometrium

D) The old functional layer is built up

E) The corpus luteum is inactive

14) Select all of the statements listed below that are true. (2 points)

A) After ovulation, the ovary secretes follicle stimulating hormone

B) A mature follicle releases an ovum when there is an increase in luteinizing hormone

C) The main hormone released by the corpus luteum is progesterone

D) A progesterone level drop starts menstruation

E) The menses uterine phase develops due to a drop in progesterone levels

15) A sample of a 25 year old woman's blood is analyzed for reproductive hormone levels. The results indicate a low level of progesterone, relatively low levels of estrogen, and low levels of LH and increasing levels of FSH. The female is most likely experiencing ________ of the uterine cycle. (1 point)

A) The proliferative phase

B) Menses

C) The secretory phase

D) Menarche

E) Menopause

16) Follicle-stimulating hormone (1 point)

A) Stimulates the thyroid follicles

B) Stimulates oogenesis

C) Stimulates maturation of primordial follicles in the testes

D) Is important only in females

E) Stimulates oogenesis and stimulates maturation of primordial follicles in the testes

17) Prostate enlargement that occurs in men over 50 is known as (1 point)

A) Fibrocystic disease

B) Prostate cancer

C) Testicular cancer

D) Carcinoma

E) Benign prostatic hypertrophy

18) Which of the following conditions is an age-related change for menopause? (1 point)

A) Hypertrophy and repositioning of the uterus

B) Increased mucus secretion in the uterus

C) Decreased hormone production by ovaries

D) Hot flashes, increased sweating, and vasoconstriction of blood vessels

E) Increased proliferation of follicles

19) A procedure known as the episiotomy for childbirth involves cutting which structure? (1 point)

A) vVagina

B) Perineum

C) Labia Majora

D) Labia Minora

E) Mons Pubis

20) Puberty in a female includes (select all that apply) (2 points)

A) Adipose tissue growth in the breasts and hips

B) Increased muscle mass, especially in the hips

C) Closure of the uterine tubes

D) Regular ovulation triggered by increases in LH, FSH, and estrogen

E) Estradiol production increasing

GAMETOGENESIS: Which of the following is TRUE of both male and female gametogenesis in humans?

Group of answer choices

a) Primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes are both diploid (2n) cell types.

b) The divisions of meiosis happen completely within the gonads in both sexes.

c) Meiosis II is completed after fertilization in both gametes

d) Meiosis begins at puberty and continues throughout adulthood

e) The first and second meiotic divisions are both equal (producing two cells of the same size)

Describe the neural layer of the retina- including all cell types and their functions.

FEEDBACK: A monkey feasts on some sugary fruit. As soon as the first bite of fruit hits its stomach, but before any glucose from the ingested food enters the monkey's blood, its blood glucose level drops slightly. As the monkey's meal is digested and glucose is absorbed in the blood, glucose levels are slightly elevated. They then decrease back to the starting value after absorption has been completed. Which type(s) of regulation are most likely to be involved in regulating blood glucose concentrations?

A lion kills a zebra and is going to feast on its iron-rich meat. As soon as the first bite of food hits the lion’s stomach, the lion’s blood iron concentration drops. It then increases for a while as digestion and nutrient absorption begin, and then decreases back to the value seen before the start of the meal.  

Group of answer choices

Negative feedback and feedforward regulation

Positive feedback and feedforward regulation

All three types of regulation

Negative feedback and positive feedback

Negative feedback only

When we study the effects of chronic stress on human health, most of our chronic stress is imaginary, meaning, it's made up by our imagination and conscious thought, created by the Frontal lobe.

Discuss, why frogs and lizards cannot experience chronic stress like that?

Describe in detail the digestion and absorption of lipids. How are lipids transported and utilized throughout the body.

Discuss in detail how the ph of the blood is regulated. Describe 2 situations in which ph levels might be abnormal and what would occur in the in the body to compensate for these alterations.