Concerning penile erection, which of the following statements is incorrect?
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a) The parasympathetic nervous system releases nitric oxide |
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b) Nitric oxide activates a G-protein coupled receptor which generates cGMP |
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c) Cytosolic level of cGMP increases |
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d) The cytosolic calcium concentration decreases and this leads to vasodilation |
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e) The sinuses in the corpora cavernosa become engorged with blood |
Which of the following statements about gastric acid secretion is true?
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a) In an unstimulated parietal cell the amount of H+-K+-ATPase present is low |
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b) H+ is secreted across the basolateral membrane of the parietal cell by the H+-K+-ATPase |
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c) HCO3- leaves the parietal cell at the basolateral membrane, and its downhill efflux powers the uphill entry of Cl- into the parietal cell |
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d) Cl- is secreted into the secretory canaliculus via a Cl- active transport protein |
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e) H2 receptor blockers inhibit HCl secretion by directly inhibiting the H+-K+-ATPase |
This neurohormone is produced by the enteroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract especially the stomach and it increases food intake and somatotropin secretion
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In: Anatomy and Physiology
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions usually act antagonistically. However, there are some effectors that are innervated only by the sympathetic nerves. Describe three such unique functions of the sympathetic nervous system and their role in maintaining homeostasis.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Is someone's writing affected if he/she has a damaged corpus callosum? Explain why or why not.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Neurotransmitters within the ANS can either be excitatory or inhibitory depending on where they are located as well as what receptor binds them. Give an example of how the parasympathetic sympathetic divisions can sometimes be inhibitory or excitatory. Include the effectors and receptors.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Consider the differences in homeostasis in the body for vitamins and minerals. How does the body control or regulate the amount of water soluble vitamins, like vitamin C, vs. a mineral such as iron. Give examples of factors that influence this. You can use iron or calcium as your mineral.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
How does metabolic ratio determine the activity of CYTOCHROME P450?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
If Substance X is administered at the same time as penicillin, the length of time the penicillin can be found in the blood of the patient is prolonged. Which of the following is the most likely reason why?
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Substance X increases the secretion of penicillin into the tubular fluid |
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Substance X and penicillin compete for the same renal transporter responsible for reabsorption. |
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Substance X and penicillin complete for the same renal transporter responsible for secretion |
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Substance X prevents the reabsorption of penicillin from the tubular fluid |
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Substance X increases the filtration of penicillin into Bowman's capsule |
In: Anatomy and Physiology
1.) Describe factors that may lead to changes in energy expenditure from a weight loss intervention.
2.) Explain how the body regulates food intake. Consider organs involved, signals sent, etc.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone secreted by the kidney that promotes the production of red blood cells. EPO works in a simple endocrine reflex and is secreted by the kidney. If the sympathetic nervous system were overactive for a long period of time, EPO levels would
Select one:
a. Fall
b. Rise
In: Anatomy and Physiology
In: Anatomy and Physiology
he ability to concentrate urine is tightly linked to the countercurrent system between nephron and blood vessels in the medulla. What predictions can you make about the concentration gradient if the system were concurrent? Please explain why you make these predictions
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Many choice (choose 3): Imagine a drug that shuts down the glycolytic pathway. In this case Select one or more:
a. Acetyl CoA levels within cells would rise
b. Acetyl CoA levels within cells would fall
c. Ketoacids in the blood would rise
d. Ketoacids in the blood would fall
e. Blood pH would rise
f. Blood pH would fall
In: Anatomy and Physiology
If blood pressure drops over a long period of time, fluid in the distal convoluted tubule would become Select one:
a. Concentrated b. Dilute
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Question 55
Increased release of aldosterone will cause:
Select one:
a. increased release of ADH
b. None of these: aldosterone only causes a change in blood pressure
c. increased potassium excretion in urine
d. decreased release of angiotensin
e. increased blood calcium levels
Question 62
Which of the following statements correctly describes the regulation of gastric secretion?
Select one:
a. The sight and smell of food does not increase gastric secretion - only the physical act of eating food.
b. Gastric secretion is inhibited by distension (stretching) of the stomach.
c. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system (i.e. fight or flight) will inhibit gastric secretions.
d. The presence of food (chyme) in the duodenum will always inhibit gastric secretions.
e. All of the above are true.
Question 64
The greatest amount of ATP production occurs during ___________ when the compounds ___________ release their electrons.
Select one:
a. Electron transport chain; NADH & FADH2
b. Glycolysis; pyruvate & lactate
c. Citric acid (Krebs) cycle; CO2 & H2O
d. Deamination; urea & ammonia
e. Beta-oxidation; acetyl CoA & ketone bodies
Question 65
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) can be increased if you:
Select one:
a. Increase your lean body (i.e. muscle) mass
b. Go on a diet
c. Are asleep
d. Have low levels of thyroid hormone
e. All of the above increase BMR
In: Anatomy and Physiology