4. Identify the pathophysiologic stages of pneumococcal pneumonia (IN ORDER OF DEVELOPMENT) a. Massive dilation of capillaries with alveolar filling with organisms, neutrophils, and fibrin b. Exudate becomes lysed and processed by macrophages, and normal lung tissue is restoring c. Outpouring of fluid into alveoli that supports microorganism growth and spread d. Blood flow decreases, and leukocytes and fibrin consolidate in affected lung tissue.

(a) Draw and discuss the ventricular function (end-diastolic volume versus stroke volume) curve to illustrate the Frank-Starling mechanism. (b) Explain how sympathetic stimulation, increased pre-load or increased after- load might affect this curve respectively

Please explain your answer.

What general parts of the brain are mostly affected by stroke and why?

Select 5 different organs, describe the tissues that comprise each organ, and explain the function of those tissues as they relate to that specific organ.

Example: The heart

• Muscle tissue: cardiac muscle tissue, the function is…
• Connective tissue: ligaments…. adipose…. blood…, the function is…
• Epithelial tissue: endothelium…., the function is…
• Nervous tissue: the heart has its own electrical impulse…., the function is…

Yet, overall, this is still one of the smallest age groups to utilize technology, and the older they get the less likely they are to use it (Anderson & Perrin, 2017). It is important that our education address barriers such as lack of knowledge about technologies or available resources to learn about technology. How would you go about introducing technology like a PHR to this group? What might you need to explain before giving them access to the system?

Question:

An outbreak of betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 began in Wuhan, China in December 2019. COVID-19, the disease associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, rapidly spread to produce a global pandemic. Since then many scientists around world try to understand the mechanism of the virus. One of the very important questions that the scientists are asking is that why there is a difference with respect to severity of the disease between infected individuals. We know some factors such as people with advanced age or underlying health conditions such as heart disease and diabetes are more likely to develop severe symptoms. But those do not explain the whole story, because there are plenty of young and healthy individuals with severe symptoms or old individuals with underlying health conditions with mild symptoms. Why might that be? Could genetics play a role? Because we know from past experiences that genetics is associated with susceptibility to infectious diseases such as particular HBB variants make people less susceptible to malaria, or particular CCR5 variants can protect people from HIV infection, or particular FUT2 variants prevent people to be infected by norovirus.

So,

a) Please discuss the molecular mechanisms of the novel coronavirus and decide which human genes are possible candidates of most likely to influence severity of the disease.

b) Please discuss if the geographical location could affect the severity of the disease in terms of genetic variation and evolutionary migration patterns of humans.

Consider the hormonal regulation of oogenesis and ovulation, as well as hormonal feedback mechanisms onto the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Please explain the hormonal action and feedback mechanisms that underlie how the birth control pill works as a hormonal contraceptive.

Please explain in detail what is:

Transport-Facilitated diffusion and how is it involved in the uptake of drugs and how they work on a cell to create an effect on the body.

On one particular day, two patients were brought in to a local emergency room, each with different signs and different prognoses, but each with the same underlying disease, stroke.

The first patient, a 70-year-old male, arrived by ambulance and was accompanied by his elderly wife. The patient was awake and alert, but was unable to move independently due to paralysis on his right side. He looked responsive and seemed to understand what was said to him, but he could not speak. His condition was first discovered by his wife when she woke him that morning. She called 911 when she realized that her husband could not get out of bed, he was unable to move his right arm and leg, and he could not talk to her.

The second patient arrived a few hours later, also by ambulance. Unlike the first patient, this woman was unconscious. She was breathing on her own and she showed no signs of paralysis. Her daughter had discovered her sitting in her chair, slumped over the table. She had been unable to arouse her and called 911.

CAT-scans were done on both patients and confirmed the tentative diagnosis of stroke. They were immediately treated with clot-dissolving drugs, in hopes of stopping more progressive damage. In Patient #1's case, the CAT-scan revealed a blockage in the left middle cerebral artery which supplies the posterior portion of the frontal lobe called the pre-central gyrus. In the case of Patient #2, the blockage was seen in the basilar artery which supplies the brainstem

1. What is the function of the two different areas of the brain affected in these two different cases of stroke? How does that account for the differences seen in Patient #1 and Patient #2?
2. What would account for Patient #1 seeming to understand what he heard, but not be able to speak? If the stroke had affected the first patient's right cerebral artery instead, would the outcome have been different?
3. Why was patient #2 unconscious? What are the underlying causes that lead to unconsciousness.
4. Are there any differences in prognoses for these two patients?

Tom is diagnosed with obesity and hypercholesterolemia and failed to see improvements with diet and exercise.

1. What other therapies are available to Jack and how do these therapies work against obesity?

2. Name two cardiovascular diseases that Jack is likely to develop.

What is the difference between resting potential and repolarization?

- Resting potential is maintained by leaky potassium channels. Repolarization occurs when potassium leaves the cell (and sodium channels are closed preventing sodium entry into the cell) causing the membrane potential to become more negative.

- Resting potential is maintained by leaky potassium channels. Repolarization occurs when potassium enters the cell causing the membrane potential to become more negative.

- Resting potential is maintained by potassium entry into the cell. Repolarization occurs when sodium levels increase inside the cell.

- Resting potential resets the neuron to by adjusting the sodium and potassium levels. Repolarization is when potassium is leaking out of the cell to make the cell more negative.

1-1. Ecstasy or MDMA uses a unique mechanism; it binds to the serotonin reuptake transporter and does two things. Ecstasy stops serotonin reuptake and causes the transporter to reverse direction, moving serotonin from the synaptic terminal into the synapse. Due to this mechanism, what effect will ecstasy have on postsynaptic neurons? (Include in your answer whether EPSP or IPSP is affected.)

1-2. The pharmaceutical company is looking to introduce a new drug that enhances neurotransmission. Knowing what you know about the physiology of neurotransmission, the company is asking you what part of the pathway you would recommend targeting and how that would enhance neurotransmission. Explain how your drug would work and what part of neurotransmission your drug would target.

1). How does the number of muscle fibers found in various motor units differ? For example, the number found in a motor unit of a muscle that moves the eye and the number found in a motor unit in the calf muscle.

2). Briefly describe the difference between fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers. Are fibers of the same type found in a single motor unit?

3). Explain the nervous system’s role in increasing the force of contraction and potential ways to avoid fatigue.

4). Explain the physiological factors associated with various types of fatigue (either central or peripheral).