Questions
•Hydrogen bonding between water molecules is essential for lung expansion to occur, but also increases resistance...

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules is essential for lung expansion to occur, but also increases resistance during inspiration. Explain this contrast by describing the locations and how hydrogen bonding plays a positive and negative role in ventilation.

Draw a diagram of the lung to show these opposing forces

What would happen if intrapleural pressure(IPP) equaled atmospheric pressure (AtmP)?

How could this happen?

In: Anatomy and Physiology

5. Follow the intrinsic conduction pathway and describe how the remaining 99% of the cardiac cells...

5. Follow the intrinsic conduction pathway and describe how the remaining 99% of the cardiac cells are stimulated. How is the action potential in the intrinsic cells different from the action potential in the contractile cells?

In: Anatomy and Physiology

Explain how cancer cells use the lymphatic system to metastasize to other organs.

Explain how cancer cells use the lymphatic system to metastasize to other organs.

In: Anatomy and Physiology

Based on your understanding of barrier defenses, explain why large coverage burns are often so fatal.

Based on your understanding of barrier defenses, explain why large coverage burns are often so fatal.

In: Anatomy and Physiology

Describe at least FOUR processes in neurons and/or myocytes (muscle cells: skeletal, smooth, & cardiac) in...

Describe at least FOUR processes in neurons and/or myocytes (muscle cells: skeletal, smooth, & cardiac) in which Calcium Ions (Ca++) function as important intracellular secondary messengers. Diagram how calcium exerts its effect on cells in each of these cases (what molecules does it act upon, and what is the result?).

In: Anatomy and Physiology

Which tissue type lines the intestinal tract? What accessory structures significantly increases the surface area of...

Which tissue type lines the intestinal tract? What accessory structures significantly increases the surface area of this epithelium?

Which tissue type would you expect to find lining the alveoli of the lungs? Why?

Which tissue type would you expect to observe cushioning, protecting and insulating the viscera in the abdominal cavity?

In: Anatomy and Physiology

What is the mechanism of glomerular filtration & what are the different pressures that affect it?

What is the mechanism of glomerular filtration & what are the different pressures that affect it?

In: Anatomy and Physiology

Discuss the prevalence of "lifestyle-related chronic disease". A core component of lifestyle medicine is the use...

  1. Discuss the prevalence of "lifestyle-related chronic disease".
  2. A core component of lifestyle medicine is the use of evidence-based research. Discuss the importance of using only evidence-based research to inform therapeutic approaches.
  3. How would you describe the field of lifestyle medicine and its importance, to someone who had never heard of "lifestyle medicine"?

In: Anatomy and Physiology

Please Use your keyboard (Don't use handwriting) Thank you.. Courses Name: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology...

Please Use your keyboard (Don't use handwriting) Thank you..

Courses Name: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology BIOL102

yeeees .. For HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

please re-write my answer by (Use your own words, don't copy and paste)

Q) Choose any system of the human body and prepare a response to the following questions in 1-2 pages:

  1. Introduction(Explain the system with the components)
  2. Body(Explain how the system relates to achieve homeostasis in human body)
  3. Conclusion( Choose any disease common in KSA and explain how and which part of the system is affected)

***Please i need 500 words ..

I need new and unique answers, please. (Use your own words, don't copy and paste)

_____________

please re-write my answer by (Use your own words, don't copy and paste)

My answer

HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Human circulatory system is responsible for flow of blood , nutrients , oxygen and other gases , hormones and drugs to and from cells . It consist of heart , blood , lungs, arteries , veins , capillary , coronary and portal vessels.

Heart: It is a muscular organ and is located behind and slightly left of breast bone of rib cage . It contains four Chambers , two atria and two ventricles. It pumps blood through the network of arteries and veins called the cardiovascular system.

Lungs: pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs , where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen picked up during respiration.

Veins: They carry deoxygenated blood from all parts of body to heart .

Arteries: They carry oxygenated blood from heart to all parts of body.

Portal vessels: carry blood from gastrointestinal tract , gall bladder , pancreas and spleen to liver.

Coronary vessels: coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle . Coronary veins drain deoxygenated blood from it.

Capillary : They carry blood between arterioles and venules.

Blood: It is a body fluid that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to cells and transport metabolic waste away from cells.

Parasympathetic and sympathetic system control heart rate . Through these system body reacts to it's internal and external environments to change heart rate and maintain homeostasis .For instance take the case , when a person starts to exercise , body stops parasympathetic stimulation of heart , so the rate can increase , bring more oxygen and nutrients to muscles. As the exercise rate increases sympathetic system begin sending signals to the heart to raise rate even more. As a measure of maintaining homoeostasis increased rate of waste products are removed.

Respiratory diseases are one of the major diseases found in the inhabitants of Saudi Arabia. Asthma, lung cancer , tuberculosis ,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are prevalent. Cardio vascular diseases like hyper tension and fluctuation in blood pressure are also prevalent.

In: Anatomy and Physiology

in 350 words, What is the adaptive value of dark skin tones in equatorial regions such...

in 350 words, What is the adaptive value of dark skin tones in equatorial regions such as Africa? What evolutionary pressure caused a lightening of skin tones away from this area?

In: Anatomy and Physiology

Under "GI Disorders" choose an area of the bowel or perhaps "Kids and Teens". Choose a...

Under "GI Disorders" choose an area of the bowel or perhaps "Kids and Teens". Choose a bowel area and then a specific pathology.

Investigate a bowel pathology.

Include the following aspects in the assignment:

·         Summarize the pathology

·         Include signs and symptoms, tests/diagnostics, treatments, and outcomes

·         Explore the other tabs across the top of the IFFGD site and share what you found most interesting: Manage Your Health, Resources, News, and Research

·         There is no word limit for this assignment but you must thoroughly address each bullet point.

In: Anatomy and Physiology

After reading/listening to the materials from section 1, answer each of the following questions: What evidence...

After reading/listening to the materials from section 1, answer each of the following questions:

  1. What evidence did Michel Brunet cite in order to argue that Sahelanthropus tchadensis is the earliest known representative of the hominin lineage?
  2. Why are Roberto Macchiarelli and Aude Bergeret suspicious of Brunet’s interpretation? What evidence do they cite to suggest that Sahelanthropus may not have been a hominin?

In: Anatomy and Physiology

what effect would impared function of the liver or kidneys have on hormone concentration in the...

what effect would impared function of the liver or kidneys have on hormone concentration in the blood? why?

In: Anatomy and Physiology

Candice was a high school student on the track team and training for her upcoming cross-country...

Candice was a high school student on the track team and training for her upcoming cross-country meet. She woke up bright and early to complete a 10-mile run. Her workout ended up taking her a little longer than usual and she was sweating profusely.

As Candice cooled down from her run, Candice’s Mom yelled from the kitchen, “Candice, your breakfast is ready! Come eat. You look so pale!”

“Oh, really? I’m starving; maybe that’s why? What did you make?”

“Your favorite... eggs benedict with a side of toast and orange juice. So, how was your run? It seemed like it took you longer than usual.”

“I felt a little more tired than I usually do, but I stayed strong. Nothing to worry about,” Candice assured her.

“You need to stay healthy for the invitational meet on Saturday. As you well know, your performance on Saturday will determine your eligibility for states. Maybe you should reschedule your date with ... ”

“Mom! I’ll be fine. Trust me,” Candice exclaimed.

Candice finished her breakfast and, while taking a hot shower, felt a cramp developing in her left leg. Not thinking too much about it she took a naproxen tablet, rubbed the cramp and proceeded on with her day. After studying for about an hour she realized that the naproxen wasn’t working because her muscles still felt sore. Oh, no…this is bad timing. I have a date with Phil tonight, Candice thought. So, she took another naproxen tablet.

Half an hour later, Candice felt dizzy and lightheaded and her skin began to feel clammy, which she believed was due to the humidity. She felt her heart race and tried to calm herself, but the leg cramps started coming back. Although Candice prided herself on a high threshold for pain, she finally told her mom that something was wrong and that she needed to go to the hospital.

List the problems that Candice experienced.
Can you see any common features in Candice’s problems?
Do you think Candice overreacted by saying she wanted to go to the hospital?
Do you have a prognosis for Candice’s problems?
“Candice, honey, I think you’re overreacting. How about I take you to the urgent care?”

“Fine, Mom!”

The nurse at the urgent care took Candice’s history and physical.

History and Physical Report

Patient Candice Pearson

History

Physical

Chief complaint: Lightheadedness, fatigue, muscle cramps

Age: 17

Past medical history: Polycystic ovarian syndrome [Treatment → 150 mg spironolactone daily]

Height: 5´6˝

Past surgical history: Wisdom teeth removed (3 months ago)

Weight: 130 lbs.

Drug allergies: Penicillin

Temperature: 97.8°


Heart rate: 110 beats/min (normal: 60–100)


Blood pressure: 98/56 (normal: 120/80)


Pinch skin: skin bounces back slowly

History and Physical Report Patient: Candice Pearson History Physical Chief complaint: Lightheadedness, fatigue, muscle cramps Past medical history: Polycystic ovarian syndrome [Treatment → 150 mg spironolactone daily] Past surgical history: Wisdom teeth removed (3 months ago) Drug allergies: Penicillin Age: 17 Height: 5´6˝ Weight: 130 lbs. Temperature: 97.8° Heart rate: 110 beats/min (normal: 60–100) Blood pressure: 98/56 (normal: 120/80) Pinch skin: skin bounces back slowly.

“Wow, Mom, my heart rate’s high; it’s usually around 60.”

“Maybe you’re just nervous, honey.”

The nurse decided that Candice was probably experiencing dehydration from her run. She recommended rest and drinking plenty of fluids like water and Gatorade.

What new information has been revealed?
Which of Candice’s problems could have been caused by dehydration?
Which problems could have been caused by something other than dehydration?
Where is blood pressure monitored in your body?
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is activated when blood pressure is low?
What is the effect of this part of the autonomic nervous system on heart rate and stroke volume?
If Candice is correct and her resting heart rate is usually around 60, why is her blood pressure low?
Would you like to change or modify your prognosis?
After driving home from urgent care, Candice began to get ready for her big date night with Phil. She had a new dress picked out and invited her friend, Maria, over to help with her hair and makeup.

“You look great! Phil’s going to be blown away,” Maria encouraged her friend.

“I hope so. Though, I’m still a little nervous. I think I’m going to take a couple of my prescription pills. I missed my dose this morning.”

“Are you sure?” Maria asked.

“Yeah, it’s alright. And I think it makes me look and feel better,” Candice said reassuringly.

Phil arrived to pick up Candice for the date. Ever the gentleman, he had picked out a nice romantic Italian restaurant. Candice ordered spaghetti marinara and Phil ordered fettuccine alfredo.

They finished dinner and headed to the movies. Candice was not a fan of scary movies but agreed because Phil wanted to see it. About halfway through the movie, she started feeling a little light-headed and her heart started racing. It’s probably the blood in the scary movie messing with me, she thought. She tried to calm herself, not wanting to ruin their first date.

She turned to Phil, “Sorry, but I think something’s wrong! I feel sick!” Phil guided her out of the movie theater, where she then collapsed and complained that her chest felt really tight. Candice thought to herself, Oh no, I think I’m going to be sick. How embarrassing! There isn’t going to be a second date.

Phil called 911 and an ambulance quickly arrived.

Make a list of any new problems Candice is experiencing. Do any of Candice’s new problems correlate with your previous prognosis?
Why is Candice having chest tightness?
How does the nurse’s diagnosis of dehydration affect the blood pressure and circulation?
What did Candice eat for dinner? How could her food choice at dinner cause these problems?
List tests that the doctors should perform at the hospital.
Candice’s mother arrived at the hospital as the EMT moved Candice into the emergency room where she was placed under the care of a new resident. The resident began to check her vitals and took a report of Candice’s problems while her mother anxiously paced back and forth. He then listened to her breathing sounds, which appeared normal. Next, the resident ordered an ECG, chest x-ray, CT brain scan, and metabolic profile of Candice’s blood work. In the meantime, he asked about her previous medical history, any medication she was currently on, and what she ate recently.

“I just ate spaghetti marinara. I am on spironolactone because I have polycystic ovarian syndrome. I took two tablets right before dinner because I forgot to take it this morning. After my run earlier in the day, I had intense muscle cramps so I ended up taking two naproxen tablets. I was starting to feel better in the afternoon so I thought I would be okay to go on my date.”

The resident asked, “How much water did you drink today?”

“Not much,” Candice admitted ashamedly.

“Well, you should know spironolactone is a diuretic. Your physician should have told you to drink plenty of water when you are taking this drug. It works as an aldosterone receptor antagonist in the cells of the distal tubule in your kidney, which means that you will lose a lot of water. You need to stay hydrated,” warned the resident.

The resident then left to pick up the test results.

Fill in the table to predict the results of the initial tests.
Tests

Results

Heart rate


EKG


Chest x-ray


CT scan


Blood K+


Blood Na+



Aldosterone is responsible for controlling blood sodium and potassium levels. What type of hormone is aldosterone and which cells secrete it?
The resident returned with the tests results: the CT brain scan was normal, the EKG showed an elevated heart rate with arrhythmia, the chest x-ray was normal, and the blood work showed an electrolyte imbalance.

Here is a partial list of Candice’s blood work:

Test

Candice

Normal

Glucose, Serum (mg/dL)

82

65-99

Uric Acid, Serum (mg/dL)

4.2

2.5-7.1

Creatinine, Serum (mg/dL)

1.2

0.57-1.00

Sodium, Serum (mEq/L)

133

134-144

Potassium, Serum (mEq/L)

7.0

3.5-5.2

Chloride, Serum (mEq/L)

103

97-108

Calcium, Serum (mg/dL)

9.5

8.7-10.2


20. What abnormal values are evident in Candice’s blood work?

21. What could cause an elevated heart rate?

22. What minerals do tomatoes have in high concentrations?

23. Could the tomatoes have had an effect on the level of that mineral in Candice’s blood?

24. Use the Nernst equation (below) to calculate the equilibrium potential for potassium in a normal patient and in Candice; assume [K]in is 150 mEq/L in Candice and in normal patients, and [K]out is 4 mEq/L in normal patients.

E K+ (millivolts) = 61 log10 ([K+ ] out /[K+ ] in)

25. If the resting membrane potential exhibits the same change as the equilibrium potential for potassium, predict how Candice’s ion imbalance will affect a cell’s resting membrane potential; would Candice’s resting membrane potential be hyperpolarized or depolarized?

The resident and attending returned and talked to Candice and her mother.

“Candice, you are suffering from hyperkalemia, which means you have more potassium in your blood than normal. Two things happened to you today to create the perfect storm. First, you ate a meal high in potassium and second you took a high dose of spironolactone. The drug blocks the action of a hormone in your body called aldosterone, which works to rid your body of excess potassium, exchanging it for sodium. Decreased aldosterone activity means the level of potassium in your blood increased while the level of sodium decreased. Also, the loss of sodium in your urine causes you to also lose water.”

“So I guess that’s why it’s a diuretic,” interrupted Candice.

“Exactly. The elevated potassium levels in the fluid around your cells is responsible for your heart arrhythmia, high heart rate, and muscle cramps. I recommend staying away from potassium-rich foods like bananas and tomatoes.”

“Usually I do; I only eat apples and oranges.”

“I also suggest taking acetaminophen instead of NSAIDs, like naproxen, as it is thought that there may be some drug interaction that further increases hyperkalemia. You have to be careful what you eat; your body is losing a lot of water and sodium so hydration is key when you are on spironolactone. I recommend that your diet consists of low potassium and high sodium meals as well as a lot of water or Gatorade, especially while you are training. This could have been a lot worse if you hadn’t come in for treatment. Are there any concerns you would like to address?” asked the resident.

“No. Thank you so much! I’ll try to be more careful in the future,” said Candice.

Where is the pacemaker for the heart?
How could membrane depolarization created by elevated blood potassium level cause an increase in Candice’s heart rate?
How could the membrane depolarization created by the elevated blood potassium level cause arrhythmias?
How could the membrane depolarization created by the elevated blood potassium level cause muscle cramping?

In: Anatomy and Physiology

Humans are bipedal, terrestrial omnivores. As a species, we are adapted to quite a range of...

Humans are bipedal, terrestrial omnivores. As a species, we are adapted to quite a range of habitats, from deserts to mountains and from rain forests to tundra. Your job is to determine how humans might be adapted to live in a low gravity environment (half of Earth's gravity).

Write a brief description of the musculoskeletal system of a human that adapted to your environment, and why it would look the way it does. Consider the following:

  • What would be required to support and move the body, and to support their lifestyle? You are encouraged to look up other (non-human; can be non-mammalian) animals that share these habitats for ideas.
  • What if humans had evolved and were adapted to live in very specific habitats? In other words, it would still look *basically* like a human but would have some important differences related to its circulatory and/or breathing systems.
  • What would these systems of a human that adapted to a different environment look like, and why would it look like this?
  • You should consider the following parts of the musculoskeletal system in your answer: Bone length, Bone diameter, Bone density, Muscle type, location, and size, Anything else you think is important to the musculoskeletal system.

In: Anatomy and Physiology