describe the reflex homeostatic control mechanism of the gastrointestinal system that occur within phases. Receptors, processing center, and effectors

1. Explain the relationship between blood volume and blood pressure.

2. List the functions of the hormones/enzyme listed below: • Aldosterone • Renin • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

3. Heart failure is when the heart cannot eject enough blood to meet the body’s oxygen and blood demand. Describe what would be the expected response from the RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) system in a patient with heart failure.

4. How is RAAS upregulation detrimental to heart failure patients over time?

5. How does the sodium ion influence blood volume and blood pressure?

6. Give three examples of pathologies in which there is an upregulation of RAAS. Next to each one explain your reasoning.

7. How would high levels of angiotensin II (Ang II) affect someone with hypertension?

Barbara Joley was in -a major car accident. When EMS managed to free her from the wreckage, she was cyanotic and apneic (not breathing). Her heart was still beating, but her pulse was fast and thready. The emergency medical technician reported that when Barbara was found, her head was cocked at a peculiar angle and it looked like she had a fracture at the level of the C2 vertebra. The following questions refer to these observation

1.What is pneumothorax and why would it cause the right Lung to collapse? Why hasn't the left Lung collapsed?

2.Barbara's cyanosis can best be explained by which of the following?

a. Trauma has caused bleeding under the skin, and the accumulated blood is turning black and blue.

b. Her lungs must be damaged, and as a result, the right side of her heart is sending blood to the body instead of the lungs.

c. The level of C02 in her blood has increased because her breathing has stopped.

d. The level of O2 in her blood has decreased because her breathing has stopped.

3. How do Barbara's recorded injuries relate to the pneumothorax?

a. The pain from her broken ribs is causing her to decrease breathing, so the right Jung is not inflating.

b. Barbara's fractured ribs probably punctured her Jung tissue and allowed air within the Jung to enter the pleural cavity.

c. When the level of 0 2 in the blood decreases, a negative feedback loop involving the central chemoreceptors causes Jung inflation to decrease as well.

d. Her traumatic injury has caused her peripheral chemoreceptors to stop working, so they are not causing her to increase ventilation.

4.The physician inserts a chest tube into the right intrapleural cavity and hooks it up to suction. How might this alleviate the pneumothorax?

5). Considering that genes can code only for RNA or proteins, how can the synthesis of nonprotein substances such as carbohydrates or steroids be under genetic control?

6). Explain the difference between compact and spongy bone, and describe their spatial relationship to each other.

7). Contrast the actions of acetylcholine (ACh), GABA and norepinephrine at their respective synapses.

8). Compare and contrast the composition and locations of gray and white matter in the spinal cord vs. the brain.

Provide five reasons for why plasma concentrations of a drug taken orally (P.O.) can be significantly different among individuals taking the same dose. Answers must be detailed, complete sentences, and provide a short example.

What happens to blood concentration of plasma proteins in an individual with renal disease that results in either (a) damage to the filtration membrane or (b) decreased filtration at the filtration membrane? (5 points)

Explain why is it important for a pregnant woman to consult with her physician before using any medication? (2 points)

Give example of impulse in sport setting

If you traced an ovum from the ovary to the uterine cavity, through which of the following listed spaces or structures would it pass thirdly?

(a) peritoneal cavity

(b) ampulla

(c) infundibulum

(d) isthmus

(e) uterine cavity

Describe the valves in the heart. Name all four valves and where blow flows coming into and out of each valve

Peristalsis: Have you ever laughed so hard that you had your drink come out of your nose? Have you ever swallowed something so quickly and then had to cough it up because it went down the wrong pipe? This usually doesn’t happen because under normal circumstances after you swallow your food, your epiglottis closes up over your wind pipe/traches that leads down to your lungs and your soft palate lifts up to block the way to your nose. Your tongue pushes back to your pharynx and then down your esophagus. How does food travel down through your esophagus? It’s not gravity. Q: Take a small drink of water. Bend down and touch your toes and swallow the water. Why were you still able to swallow the water when you were upside down?

Match the word elements with their meanings. Put the correct letter on the answer line.

____ 1. Increase of nitrogenous substances, especially urea, in urine

____ 2. Increased formation and secretion of urine

____ 3. Painful or difficult urination, symptomatic of other urinary tract conditions

____ 4. Involuntary discharge of urine after the age by which bladder control should have been established

____ 5. Abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis

____ 6. Elevated level of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in blood

____ 7. Malignant neoplasm of the kidney that occurs in young children

____ 8. Abnormal condition or presence of calculi

____ 9. Process of removing toxic substances from blood when the kidneys do not function adequately

____ 10. Any disorder of the kidneys, including inflammatory, degenerative, and sclerotic conditions

____ 11. Downward displacement of a kidney

____ 12. Crushing a stone in the bladder

____ 13. Enlargement of a kidney

____ 14. Abnormal condition of kidney stones

____ 15. Agents used to control edema and stimulate the flow of urine

____ 16. High blood pressure

____ 17. Absence of urination

____ 18. Tubular space within a structure

____ 19. Decrease in blood pressure below normal

____ 20. Surgical fixation of a floating kidney

list the structure and fluids that light passes through from the cornea to the retina?

what do you know about the basics of genetics (Punnet Square, Dominant and recessive alleles)?

Please explain to me every single step in detail because I don't understand. Thank you!