Based on the dual blood supply in the liver, explain the fluid retention in the peritoneal cavity in two different pathophysiological conditions.

1. Based on someone being sick or getting a immunization and then gaining resistance to that pathogen, make a graph representing a first exposure and second exposure to a foreign antigen with antibody production. Y axis should be antibody levels with X axis being time/exposures. Include which antibodies would be more prevalent and during which exposure (IgG, IgM, IgA,etc.)
2. A person has a wound and a foriegn pathogen enters the body. Create something that demonstrates how the body is going to react to this situation. Include the following items in this:
   1. MHC Class I
   2. MHC Class II
   3. B Lymphocytes
   4. T Lymphocytes
   5. Neutrophils
   6. Dendritic cells
   7. Antigen Presenting cells
   8. Mast Cells
   9. Macrophages
   10. Monocytes
   11. Natural Killer Cells
   12. Antibodies
   13. Antigen
   14. Lymph Nodes

Complement Proteins

3- Please explain the action of adrenergic alpha 1 receptor, and adrenergic beta 2 receptor.

A person gets infected after breathing in air-borne droplets containing SARS-CoV-2. Outline step-by-step the immune defense at different anatomical levels of the lymphatic system from first encounter to the time when the patient develops serum anti-viral antibodies.

b.Illustrate the damages of blood capillaries during the disease process of diabetes.

Explain how oral-administered drugs can reach the target cells to exert the therapeutic effects（6 marks）

2. (a) State and explain the changes in the lung volume, the alveolar pressure (Palv) and
airflow between the atmosphere and the lungs during passive exhalation.

(b) What happens to the ventilation rate during exercise? Briefly describe and explain
how the chemoreceptors work during exercise.

1. Consider the urinary system
(a) What are the three basic renal processes leading to urine formation?
(b) Consider the net filtration pressure (NFP) according to the following information,
Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP): 90 mmHg
Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP): 35 mmHg
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP): 40 mmHg
Mean arterial pressure (MAP): 93 mmHg
(i) Calculate the net filtration pressure (NFP). Show your calculations.
(ii) Suppose a tumor is pressing on and obstructing the left ureter. What affect might
this have on CHP and thus on NFP in the left kidney? Would the right kidney
also be affected?
(c) Name the hormone that regulates plasma osmolarity. Briefly explain how the hormone
works in regulating plasma osmolarity and urine formation when the body has an
increase in plasma osmolarity.

Circulating estrogens increase from day 6 through day 12.

(a) What events cause this increase?

(b) How does the uterus respond to this increase in estrogens?

Compare and contrast the difference between Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic acids?

A medication that increases the amount of Na+ in the extracellular fluid surrounding a neuron will do which of the following to that neuron?

Depolarize

Hyperpolarize

Activate

Have no effect.

Briefly explain which components of the plasma membrane allow it to be selectively permeable. Specify how each of the components selected contribute to the selective permeability of the membrane.

Like all viral pathogens, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV 2 (I know, how topical), requires a cell surface receptor in order to invade a given host cell. For SARS-CoV 2, this receptor is actually the enzyme Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2, or ACE2. ACE2 is responsible for downregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System by deactivation of Angiotensin II. Explain the RAAS in detail, including the roles played by kidneys and the lungs, and then explain what effects using recombinant human ACE2, or rhACE2, to treat acute respiratory distress syndrome could have on blood pressure.