Peristalsis: Have you ever laughed so hard that you had your drink come out of your nose? Have you ever swallowed something so quickly and then had to cough it up because it went down the wrong pipe? This usually doesn’t happen because under normal circumstances after you swallow your food, your epiglottis closes up over your wind pipe/traches that leads down to your lungs and your soft palate lifts up to block the way to your nose. Your tongue pushes back to your pharynx and then down your esophagus. How does food travel down through your esophagus? It’s not gravity. Q: Take a small drink of water. Bend down and touch your toes and swallow the water. Why were you still able to swallow the water when you were upside down?

Match the word elements with their meanings. Put the correct letter on the answer line.

____ 1. Increase of nitrogenous substances, especially urea, in urine

____ 2. Increased formation and secretion of urine

____ 3. Painful or difficult urination, symptomatic of other urinary tract conditions

____ 4. Involuntary discharge of urine after the age by which bladder control should have been established

____ 5. Abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis

____ 6. Elevated level of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in blood

____ 7. Malignant neoplasm of the kidney that occurs in young children

____ 8. Abnormal condition or presence of calculi

____ 9. Process of removing toxic substances from blood when the kidneys do not function adequately

____ 10. Any disorder of the kidneys, including inflammatory, degenerative, and sclerotic conditions

____ 11. Downward displacement of a kidney

____ 12. Crushing a stone in the bladder

____ 13. Enlargement of a kidney

____ 14. Abnormal condition of kidney stones

____ 15. Agents used to control edema and stimulate the flow of urine

____ 16. High blood pressure

____ 17. Absence of urination

____ 18. Tubular space within a structure

____ 19. Decrease in blood pressure below normal

____ 20. Surgical fixation of a floating kidney

list the structure and fluids that light passes through from the cornea to the retina?

what do you know about the basics of genetics (Punnet Square, Dominant and recessive alleles)?

Please explain to me every single step in detail because I don't understand. Thank you!

Based on the dual blood supply in the liver, explain the fluid retention in the peritoneal cavity in two different pathophysiological conditions.

1. Based on someone being sick or getting a immunization and then gaining resistance to that pathogen, make a graph representing a first exposure and second exposure to a foreign antigen with antibody production. Y axis should be antibody levels with X axis being time/exposures. Include which antibodies would be more prevalent and during which exposure (IgG, IgM, IgA,etc.)
2. A person has a wound and a foriegn pathogen enters the body. Create something that demonstrates how the body is going to react to this situation. Include the following items in this:
   1. MHC Class I
   2. MHC Class II
   3. B Lymphocytes
   4. T Lymphocytes
   5. Neutrophils
   6. Dendritic cells
   7. Antigen Presenting cells
   8. Mast Cells
   9. Macrophages
   10. Monocytes
   11. Natural Killer Cells
   12. Antibodies
   13. Antigen
   14. Lymph Nodes

Complement Proteins

3- Please explain the action of adrenergic alpha 1 receptor, and adrenergic beta 2 receptor.

A person gets infected after breathing in air-borne droplets containing SARS-CoV-2. Outline step-by-step the immune defense at different anatomical levels of the lymphatic system from first encounter to the time when the patient develops serum anti-viral antibodies.

b.Illustrate the damages of blood capillaries during the disease process of diabetes.

Explain how oral-administered drugs can reach the target cells to exert the therapeutic effects（6 marks）

2. (a) State and explain the changes in the lung volume, the alveolar pressure (Palv) and
airflow between the atmosphere and the lungs during passive exhalation.

(b) What happens to the ventilation rate during exercise? Briefly describe and explain
how the chemoreceptors work during exercise.

1. Consider the urinary system
(a) What are the three basic renal processes leading to urine formation?
(b) Consider the net filtration pressure (NFP) according to the following information,
Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP): 90 mmHg
Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP): 35 mmHg
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP): 40 mmHg
Mean arterial pressure (MAP): 93 mmHg
(i) Calculate the net filtration pressure (NFP). Show your calculations.
(ii) Suppose a tumor is pressing on and obstructing the left ureter. What affect might
this have on CHP and thus on NFP in the left kidney? Would the right kidney
also be affected?
(c) Name the hormone that regulates plasma osmolarity. Briefly explain how the hormone
works in regulating plasma osmolarity and urine formation when the body has an
increase in plasma osmolarity.

Circulating estrogens increase from day 6 through day 12.

(a) What events cause this increase?

(b) How does the uterus respond to this increase in estrogens?