What are the three types of specialized cells that can initiate the contraction cycle? Describe in detail the conduction pathway of each. What is the resulting heart rate for each?

What do you think the availability of birth control should be? Should the government set guidelines? Should the state set guidelines? Should an individual be allowed to decide if they want birth control, and if so, what kind? Explain your answer in detail.

How do joint angles differ between walking and running, particularly the knee and the hip?

1. Cheryl is a swimmer and before she swims a sprint event she voluntarily hyperventilates so she can hold her breath longer. Why might this practice work for sprint swimmers?   Would it be beneficial for a distance swimmer—why or why not?

Discuss skeletal muscle contraction beginning with the Action Potential arriving at the Neuromuscular junction and ending with relaxation. (Make sure to include which ion channels are activated and how, changes in membrane potential as a result of the movement of those ions, and WHERE ATP IS USED – 3 PLACES!!!).

Discuss the steps in generating an action potential in a neuron. (Make sure to include which ion channels are activated and how, changes in membrane potential as a result of the movement of those ions, the different phases seen in an action potential, and the movement of the action potential in relation to the anatomy of a neuron.).

Choose one homeostatic imbalance from Chapter 10 (the muscular system) and thoroughly discuss how it effects either skeletal muscle contraction or relaxation.

You measured the following information on a patient.
Blood volume = 5 liters, Hematocrit = 47%
Hemoglobin concentration = 12.3 g/dL whole blood
Total amount of oxygen carried in blood prior to incident = 1020 mL O2
Arterial plasma PO2 = 100 mm Hg
You know that when the patient’s PO2 is 100 mm Hg, the patient’s plasma contained 0.3 mL O2/dL and that hemoglobin was 98% saturated. Unfortunately, the patient reacted poorly to a treatment and a subsequent blood test revealed a hematocrit of 40%. Estimate what hemoglobin concentration (g/dL whole blood) would be needed to maintain the same level of total oxygenation measured prior to the reaction assuming no change in Hb carrying capacity before and after the incident? PLEASE UPLOAD A PDF OF YOUR WORK.

In a bicycle accident, a patient suffered a full-thickness skin wound of the forearm with an area of about 7 cm x 3 cm. Briefly describe the experimental strategy to engineer a 3-dimensional replacement tissue, considering (a)cell type, (b) biomaterial, (c) bioengineering technique, and (d) bioreactor

1. Describe heart development, starting at neurula stage. Relate genetics associated with congenital heart defects to this process

What was the 2005 Dover court case about?

What is intelligent design (ID), and how does it differ from Darwin’s theory of evolution by means of natural selection?

Why is ID considered not to be science by the scientific community? Is there a difference between ID and creationism?

Why are scientists opposed to “equal time” for creationism/ID in science classes?

What evidence is put forward during the trial to support evolution and counter ID?

What evidence is put forward in support of ID? Does it hold up to scientific scrutiny?

What is ID’s notion of “irreducible complexity” and how is it refuted by evolutionary biologists?

Do you agree or disagree with the Judge’s decision in this case? Why?

Describe the qualities of the muscle fiber arrangement and tendon attachments of the triceps brachii. Also, discuss synergist(s) and antagonist(s) muscles and their attachment sites. Describe when synergists and antagonists contract compared to your assigned muscle

A person with kidney disease may develop hypertension. What are two different mechanisms by which abnormal kidney function might produce hypertension? What are two different ways that drugs could act via the kidneys to reduce hypertension?

A trainer suggests the following nutrition for their athlete surrounding their training:

In the hour before training: water

During training: electrolyte drink with carbohydrate

After training: Carbohydrate and protein drink

Explain why the trainer would recommend this.

1. Explain two ways athletes can blood dope.

2. For each method of blood doping you described, explain how it alters the oxygen-carrying

capacity of blood.