Drug addicts have excellent memory for their behaviors that result in drug intake. They become addicted because the drugs become associated with positive reward signals. Hypothesize how the anatomical structures you surveyed today work together as a network to mediate this outcome.

A 29-year-old female develops sepsis and, as a consequence, she experiences profound vasodilation.

a) What effect does vasodilation have on the afterload? Explain why.

b) What effect does vasodilation have on blood pressure? Explain why. How will her body try to bring her blood pressure back to homeostasis?

Question 16

What occurs in the uterus during the ovarian follicular phase?

Traumatic events can sometimes become over-expressed memories; when these highly detailed memories are recalled, they are vividly re-lived, as if the emotional trauma is being experienced for the first time.

A. What does this suggest about the influence the amygdala has over the hippocampus?

B. For both structures, in your own words, write 2-3 sentences* describing:

1. their location in the brain
2. their neurological relationship to each other and nearby structures
3. any neurologic disorders associated with their dysfunction.

Give the three steps of cellular respiration through which brain cells produce energy. Include mention of the relevant gases.

Compare and contrast the effects of ParaThyroid Hormone (PTH), Calcitriol (vit D3) and Calcitonin on calcium metabolism, phosphate metabolism, and bone growth. What other hormones are involved in bone growth, what bone cells are affected, and how does each type affect bone structure and growth?

Using approximately 400-500 words, describe what happens when the doctor strikes your knee with the rubber hammer tool. What concepts are applied? Where else can a reflex be tested and what nerves are being activated?

Describe the regulation of filtration in the nephron (renal corpuscle) in response to blood pressure, nervous input, hormones, and Tubuloglomerular Feedback. (Be sure to compare activity at the afferent and efferent arterioles.)

Outline the effects and possible causes and treatments for hypercortisolism and hypocortisolism. Outline the complete pathway of Cortisol secretion and control.

Compare and contrast the physiological (nervous, endocrine, vascular, metabolic) responses triggered by hyperthermia & hypothermia, and how each response helps to maintain Homeothermy.

In our first class we discussed integration between the body systems. In your own words, discuss each of the body systems and give examples of how the systems are integrated with each other. Please do not just say blood flows through each system, but expand on how a homeostatic imbalance in one system affects another. Again, use examples. Explain how they work together to achieve homeostasis. Use physiology terms learned this semester.

Outline and diagram the effects of Vasopressin (ADH) on the nephron, and how it promotes water conservation in the kidneys. Be sure to EXPLAIN the cellular mechanisms of action.

12) Imagine a pulmonary embolus breaking up and entering the pulmonary artery supplying blood to an entire lobe of the left lung, blocking 75% of the pulmonary arterioles in that lobe. Describe the effects on the arterioles and bronchioles in this lobe in response to this event.

13) Elevated potassium levels in the body (hyperkalemia) is a serious condition, resulting in a severely decreased ability for muscle fibers and neurons to reploarize. The adrenal cortex can respond to this. However, very high osmolarity shuts down this response. Explain this incongruity, by describing the response mechanism of the adrenal cortex. (6 pts)

16) ) A vaccine for Coronavirus is likely to take a longer time than imagined, because the most obvious target of the vaccine should be the external spike protein on the envelope of this enveloped virus. The cellular attachment protein on epithelial cells, which the virus binds to for entry into the epithelial cell, is known to be ACE2, a receptor enzyme. Explain why the production of a vaccine targeting the coronavirus spike protein (S1), is not likely to be successful.

(from The ECG). Explain the physiological mechanisms that are responsible for the variation in resting heart rate that occurs during inspiration and expiration.