Explain the role of pressure gradients in the cardiac cycle. Your answer should state the relationship between pressure gradients and blood flow. For each phase of the cardiac cycle, describe how pressure changes influence the direction of blood flow and the opening and closing of valves in the heart.

Explain glomerular filtration and the mechanisms that control its pressure and rate. Why is GFR critical to normal urine formation?

Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the digestive system. How do mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors inform the nervous controls about the state of the alimentary canal? Describe how they control the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases of stomach’s action.

Given the patients acid-base imbalance, discuss the potential risks of prescribing Lisinopril and describe clinical manifestations resulting from that condition.
How does hyperkalcemia occur and its causes

Interferons always stimulate the production of more MHC-I on the surface of cells. In this way, interferons can help activate Question 62 options: CD4+ T cells CD8+ T cells B cells Dendritic cells

Describe how the central chemoreceptors act to regulate ventilation. Be sure to describe the integrating centers and sensors involved, their locations, and explain their roles in determining ventilation rate. Be sure to include any chemical equations (and enzymes!) that are necessary to explain ventilation regulation and explain how the mechanisms work. Then explain how the system responds when arterial blood pH is elevated, and explain how the response corrects arterial CO2. Explain how the system responds when arterial blood pH is decreased, and explain how the response corrects arterial CO2.

How are the structures of the bronchi and bronchioles different? How are the functions of each different? Be specific!

Write your hypothesis for the “Testing Temperature” portion of this experiment. Be sure to include how you think the decreased temperature will affect blood pressure and heart rate, and, why.

Write your hypothesis for the “Testing Body Position” portion of this experiment. Be sure to include how you think blood pressure and heart rate will vary when you sit versus when you stand.

Explain your results in terms of the endocrine system. Indicate how the endocrine system is involved in the physiological response to temperature and body position.

Which glands are most likely to be involved with the physiological response caused in this experiment? Which hormones are most likely to be involved?

Intravenous sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃, same as baking soda) is a common treatment for metabolic acidosis. Explain how this treatment works. Do you think sodium bicarbonate treatment will affect the ability of hemoglobin to transport and deliver oxygen to body tissues? Why? Would this treatment help someone with carbon monoxide poisoning?

Will a highly active muscle receive more, same or less oxygen than a resting muscle? Explain the mechanism that may influence oxygen delivery to this muscle. Appropriate diagrams/graphs describing relevant hemoglobin properties are required in order to receive full credit.

You will use the following figure for the next 8 questions about blood.

1. What is patient 2’s total blood volume?

a. 6,240 ml

b. 62.4 L

c. 5,200 L

d. 5.2 L

e. 5.48 L

2. If patient 3’s hematocrit is 48%, what is the volume of their plasma?

a. 5,480 ml

b. 2,630.4 ml

c. 2,849.6 ml

d. 5.48 L

e. 8,110 ml

3. What is the amount of O2 dissolved in solution (ie. the plasma/water fraction) of 1 liter of patient 2’s venous blood?

a. 0.138 ml/L

b. 1.38 ml/L

c. 1.26 ml/L

d. 3.06 ml/L

e. 0.306 ml/L

4. What is the amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin in 1 liter of patient 2’s venous blood?

a. 140.4 ml/L

b. 201.29 ml/L

c. 147.88 ml/L

d. 155.52 ml/L

e. 191.1 ml/L

5. What is the total amount of O2 in 1 liter of patient 2’s venous blood?

a. 150.94 ml/L

b. 149.26 ml/L

c. 214 ml/L

d. 192.48 ml/L

e. 194.16 ml/L

6. What is the total amount of O2 in all of patient 2’s venous blood?

a. 210.38 mls

b. 931.38 mls

c. 764.4 mls

d. 941.86 mls

e. 1,192.46 mls

7. What is the arterial Hb % saturation for patient 1?

a. 90.1 %

b. 92.5%

c. 94.2 %

d. 97.7 %

e. 98%

8. What is the Hb concentration for patient 3?

a. 99 g/L

b. 150 g/L

c. 103 g/L

d. 125 g/L

e. 158 g/dL