How are the structures of the bronchi and bronchioles different? How are the functions of each different? Be specific!

Write your hypothesis for the “Testing Temperature” portion of this experiment. Be sure to include how you think the decreased temperature will affect blood pressure and heart rate, and, why.

Write your hypothesis for the “Testing Body Position” portion of this experiment. Be sure to include how you think blood pressure and heart rate will vary when you sit versus when you stand.

Explain your results in terms of the endocrine system. Indicate how the endocrine system is involved in the physiological response to temperature and body position.

Which glands are most likely to be involved with the physiological response caused in this experiment? Which hormones are most likely to be involved?

Intravenous sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃, same as baking soda) is a common treatment for metabolic acidosis. Explain how this treatment works. Do you think sodium bicarbonate treatment will affect the ability of hemoglobin to transport and deliver oxygen to body tissues? Why? Would this treatment help someone with carbon monoxide poisoning?

Will a highly active muscle receive more, same or less oxygen than a resting muscle? Explain the mechanism that may influence oxygen delivery to this muscle. Appropriate diagrams/graphs describing relevant hemoglobin properties are required in order to receive full credit.

You will use the following figure for the next 8 questions about blood.

1. What is patient 2’s total blood volume?

a. 6,240 ml

b. 62.4 L

c. 5,200 L

d. 5.2 L

e. 5.48 L

2. If patient 3’s hematocrit is 48%, what is the volume of their plasma?

a. 5,480 ml

b. 2,630.4 ml

c. 2,849.6 ml

d. 5.48 L

e. 8,110 ml

3. What is the amount of O2 dissolved in solution (ie. the plasma/water fraction) of 1 liter of patient 2’s venous blood?

a. 0.138 ml/L

b. 1.38 ml/L

c. 1.26 ml/L

d. 3.06 ml/L

e. 0.306 ml/L

4. What is the amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin in 1 liter of patient 2’s venous blood?

a. 140.4 ml/L

b. 201.29 ml/L

c. 147.88 ml/L

d. 155.52 ml/L

e. 191.1 ml/L

5. What is the total amount of O2 in 1 liter of patient 2’s venous blood?

a. 150.94 ml/L

b. 149.26 ml/L

c. 214 ml/L

d. 192.48 ml/L

e. 194.16 ml/L

6. What is the total amount of O2 in all of patient 2’s venous blood?

a. 210.38 mls

b. 931.38 mls

c. 764.4 mls

d. 941.86 mls

e. 1,192.46 mls

7. What is the arterial Hb % saturation for patient 1?

a. 90.1 %

b. 92.5%

c. 94.2 %

d. 97.7 %

e. 98%

8. What is the Hb concentration for patient 3?

a. 99 g/L

b. 150 g/L

c. 103 g/L

d. 125 g/L

e. 158 g/dL

Produce a diagram explaining the reabsorption of Ca2+ and Mg2+ at the proximal tubule of a nephron. Are these processes examples of paracellular or transcellular transport? What is the driving force that maintains these transport mechanisms?

Explain how the stomach secretes acid at a cellular level. How could you prevent the excessive acid production that triggers heartburn? What is protecting the walls of the stomach against acid?

Rapid ascent during diving can trigger decompression sickness. This condition is characterized by production of nitrogen bubbles in blood that can seriously affect the nervous system, resulting in paralysis and death. Explain the physical principles that trigger the production of nitrogen bubbles. How could you prevent this sickness? Justify all your responses

what are the fluids immediately inside and outside the lungs that make effective breathing possible. What is the origin of these fluids and the mechanism by which each acts to allow for lung ventilation.

What is the cecum's function ?

6. Diabetic Ketoacidosis can occur in a patient with severely uncontrolled diabetes. Which of the following is a key contributor to the acidosis?

a. uncontrolled gluconeogenesis during the absorptive and post-absorptive state

b. Increased liver glycogenesis during the absorptive state

c.Decreased ketone body production in the liver during the post-absorptive state

7. Which of the following statements regarding Type 1 diabetics is true?

a. Type 1 debiatics cannot produce insulin

b. Type 1 diabetics are typically treated with insulin sensitizers

c. Type 1 diabetics are insulin resistant

8. Identify the gluconeogenic pathway

a. Glycogen--- glucose

b. Fatty acid--- keto acid----glucose

c. Amino acid--- keto acid----- glucose

9. Which of the following would you expect to be associated with this presentation?

Patient- 21 year old male

Chief complaint- Abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. increased thirst and frequency of urination

Background- Patient is a type 1-diabetic

Examination notes- Insulin pump appears to have stopped working, elevated plasma glucose levels following a finger prick.

a. Decreased serum ketones

b. increased Plasma pH

c. Increased protein glycation (AGEs) within the plasma

10. Which of the following events is most likely occurring during the postabsorptive state?

a. Glycogen is being hydrolyzed releasing individual glucose monomers into the blood

b. chylomicrons are circulating in the plasma

c. Gluconeogenesis is actively occurring in must cells within the body

Briefly explain how the eye focuses light on the retina

Particles that enter circulation often accumulate in the liver and spleen. Describe the function of the liver and spleen, including the location and function of resident macrophages. Describe two mechanisms for accumulation of particles in the liver. Provide references.