Could someone please assist me with the following?

1. in Dementias, Including Alzheimer's Disease Briefly describe the problem indicating the “burden of disease” including morbidity and mortality and changes that have occurred in recent years.

2. Briefly describe the course of the disease or condition using the concepts of incidence, prevalence and case-fatality. If these concepts are not relevant to your subject explain what they mean and why they are not relevant.

3. Identify at least two at-risk groups (those with an increased probability of developing and/or experiencing bad outcomes). Explain why these groups are at-risk of experiencing this health issue. Be sure to connect your discussion to the key categories of social determinants of health as outlined in the text.

4. Identify 5- 8 options for potential interventions to address the problem. For each of the options identify the primary focus in terms of When (Primary, secondary or tertiary prevention), Who (individual, at-risk group, population) and How (education, motivation, obligation, invention). Number each of the potential interventions. Identify each option then bullet or create a table giving your answers to When, Who and How for each option.

Complete the following table.

On May 31st 2019, Mr W Van Rensburg, a twenty year old male first year student visited the Optometry Clinic at the University of Pretoria Medical School campus. He complained of headaches and blurred vision. He found reading in preparation for his upcoming exams difficult. He could not recall the exact time these symptoms started appearing however, he did mention that he often suffered with these symptoms when trying to study from a young age. When questioned about his ocular history, he said he had never visited an eye clinic before, but has often complained about only being able to see things clearly that were seen from a distance. When asked whether he has ever been diagnosed of diabetes, asthma or hypertension, he said no. Previous treatment of his symptoms only included eye-drops which proved ineffective.

1. If you were treating Mr Marie, with what condition would you diagnose him and why? (1 mark)

2. What has resulted in Mr Marie experiencing this condition (i.e. what causes this condition) and how does this differ from a person with perfect vision who does not experience these vision problems?

3. The use of what would correct Mr Marie’s vision problem, and what are his two options for treatment? (1 mark)

Questions Respiratory II

Please explain the pH scale. Be sure to include acid, base, and neutral as well as hydroxide and hydrogen ion concentrations.

____ 28. Which of the following drugs does NOT directly affect the nervous system?
a. caffeine
b. antibiotic
c. cocaine
____ 29. A doctor injects a patient that has been infected with hepatitis A with hepatitis A antibodies, thereby giving the
patient _____ immunity.
a. active
b. non-specific
c. passive
____ 30. Which of the following is always an effect of external respiration?
a. an increase in carbon dioxide levels in the blood
b. a decrease in carbon dioxide levels in the blood
c. a decrease in the oxygen levels in the blood
____ 31. Epithelial cells are similar to the shingles of a roof in that they are both flat and overlap. How does this
structure aid in their function?
a. It allows the individual cells to shed more easily.
b. It allows the whole structure of the skin to be lightweight.
c. It allows them to form a barrier to the outside.
____ 32. Which of the following describes functions of the peripheral nervous system?
a. integrates perception, movement, and intellect
b. transmits external stimuli and motor responses
c. regulates body temperature, thirst, and appetite
____ 33. During which phase do the cells of the follicle develop into the corpus luteum?
a. luteal phase
b. follicular phase
c. flow phase
____ 34. _______ receive the signals called impulses from other neurons and conduct the impulses to the cell body.
a. Axons
b. Dendrites
c. Neurons
____ 35. A 15 year-old would be in the major phase of development called
a. adulthood
b. adolescence
c. childhood
____ 36. Vomiting is often accompanied by a burning sensation in the throat. What is the most likely cause of this?
a. acid from the stomach
b. amylase in the mouth
c. peristalsis in the small intestine

This is a two-system chapter.

Decide on either the nervous system or the endocrine system for your report.

Write about some disease or condition that is new to you and add some personal comments.

1. Submit your report

2. Participate in the Discussion

Raymond Harrison, a 64 year old male, was admitted to the hospital with fever (101.8 F), shaking chills, a nonproductive cough, and chest pains. A chest X-ray revealed extensive accumulation of fluid in both lungs. The patient had mild hypertension (high blood pressure) of 150/90 (normal would be 120/80) and a smoking history of 275 packs per year. The patient was cyanotic (looked blue) and in respiratory distress. The patient's heart rate was elevated at 100 beats per min (normal would be 60-80 ppm).

An arterial blood gas test was performed, and the oxygen saturation of the atrial blood was 72% (normal would be 90-100%). The blood test also revealed an elevated white blood cell count. Initial treatment consisted of antibiotics and bronchodilators.

1. An atrial "blood gas test" was performed to measure oxygen levels. Explain why the blood was taken from an artery and not a vein.
2. In the blood gas test, the oxygen measurement is reported as saturation. How is the oxygen carried in the blood, and what exactly is being saturated with oxygen.
3. Why does this patient have low oxygen saturation? What is preventing him from having saturation in the normal range?
4. How does the abnormal oxygen saturation value relate to the patient's cyanotic (blue) appearance?
5. How does the abnormal oxygen saturation value related to the patient's elevated heart rate?

6) In our body, there are many types’ of tissues which perform their physiological function according to our body’s requirement. Some of the tissues are soft, fluid and hard in nature. When we are growing old, the hard type of tissue becomes weak and doctors generally prescribe supplements which are required to strengthen them. Based on the above discussion, answer the following questions.
a) List the possible supplements that can be taken to strengthen the above mentioned tissue. Justify your answer.


b) Explain the different types of cells that can be seen in this tissue and explain its origin and their mechanism?

1. Why is it so difficult for people with COPD to breathe? How does the disease affect the rate of diffusion and why does it affect the rate of diffusion?

2. Why can you not put a fresh water fish in a salthwater tank? Why can't you put a saltwater fish in fresh water fish?

Clinical application
Claire Diego is an 11 year old girl living in Los Angeles. She complains of having to urinate more frequently with a large urine volume. She also is very thirsty. She has no previous illnesses, except that 6 weeks ago she developed a sore throat. It persisted for 2.5 weeks until she was seen by her pediatrician. At that time it cleared over the next 2 weeks with antibiotics. She is current on her vaccinations. She has had no travel out of the State of California in her life. The family has no pets or contact with wildlife. Her physical test is unremarkable.
Her blood pressure is 120/77. 
Other lab values:
Blood sugar = 99 
ADH level = normal
Aldosterone level = normal Urinalysis: albumin = 5+
RBC’s = 40-50/HPF Urine culture = negative 
 If I said this was a renal corpuscle problem, what link can you see to the sore throat in her history?

Hint: how could antigen/antibody complexes and complement, then inflammation, from the immune system be involved in the etiology of the abnormality? Look again at filtration pressures in the renal corpuscle. Which one of the pressures would now be abnormal in this patient? _____________. Assign that pressure 14 mmHg. Now draw a picture of the forces effecting filtrate flow through this patient’s renal corpuscle and show why she is she urinating more. Show her NFP.

Explain the mechanism of blood pressure homeostasis. Your answer should state the name of the reflex that maintains constant blood pressure and identify all 5 components of the negative feedback loop. Also, describe in detail how the body would compensate for a rise in blood pressure, including the division of the autonomic nervous system stimulated.

1. Mr. X is a long distance swimmer. He is regularly doing the training to maintain his swimming capacity.

Discuss about,

A. The muscle fiber type involved in this training and sports.

B. Discuss the muscular system adaptation with his swim training.

C. Add a note on energy systems that are involved in this sport.