The following are optional essay bonus questions. You can choose ONE. I will only grade one, so please do not answer multiples. Answer thoroughly. You can obtain up to 5 additional bonus points.

A. Explain why females are generally shorter than males. Explain thoroughly. Discuss what is
occurring during puberty at the skeletal system to account for this difference in height.

B. The trachea of the respiratory system is lined with what type of epithelia? Why is this type of
epithelia beneficial for the individual? Those who chronically smoke stop producing this epithelia in the trachea and begin to produce a different type of epithelia. What type of epithelia would you expect the chronic smoker to now be producing, why? Explain the pros and cons of this switch to the individual.

C. Gigantism, pituitary dwarfism and Marfan’s syndrome all deal with activity at the epiphyseal plates. What is occurring at the epiphyseal plates? Explain the difference between these 3 conditions...what is the root problem for each, what cells are being affected in each condition, what would the patient experience with each condition (symptoms)?.

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synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids

      [ Choose ]            Lysosomes            Nucleous            SER            Free ribosomes            Golgi apparatus            Mitochondria              Cytoskeleton               Nucleus            RER (fixed ribosomes)      

“factory” which modifies, tags and bags

      [ Choose ]            Lysosomes            Nucleous            SER            Free ribosomes            Golgi apparatus            Mitochondria              Cytoskeleton               Nucleus            RER (fixed ribosomes)      

site of ribosome synthesis

      [ Choose ]            Lysosomes            Nucleous            SER            Free ribosomes            Golgi apparatus            Mitochondria              Cytoskeleton               Nucleus            RER (fixed ribosomes)      

site of ATP production

      [ Choose ]            Lysosomes            Nucleous            SER            Free ribosomes            Golgi apparatus            Mitochondria              Cytoskeleton               Nucleus            RER (fixed ribosomes)      

contains digestive enzymes to break down materials

      [ Choose ]            Lysosomes            Nucleous            SER            Free ribosomes            Golgi apparatus            Mitochondria              Cytoskeleton               Nucleus            RER (fixed ribosomes)      

Site of protein synthesis for enzymes to remain in cytoplasm

1. Differentiate campylobacteriosis from salmonellosis and shigellosis in terms of symptoms, ways to diagnose, and ways to treat.

Describe why a blocked cerebral artery causes the ratio of NAD+ to NADH+H+ in neurons remains constant, before and after the stroke.

correlate the electrical (depolarization and repolarization) with the mechanical events ( chamber systole/diastole) and valves opening and closing) of the cardiac cylce

Which values reflect the expected glucose concentrations (in mM) in micropuncture samples collected from regions inside a nephron in the following order: Bowman’s capsule, beginning of proximal convoluted tubule, intermediate segment, middle of distal convoluted tubule, and beginning of collecting duct?

a.) 0; 1; 2; 3; 2

b.) 2; 2; 0; 0; 0

c.) 2; 2; 2; 0; 0

d.) 0; 0; 0; 0; 0

Trace how urine is filtered in the human excretory system.

Discuss the physiological adaptations (based on length of training) that occur with strength training.

Discuss one of the following:

Why would you NOT take blood pressure on the right arm of a person with a right mastectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy?

or

Why is the ELISA test called a "sandwich prep?"

or

What is the difference between PCR testing and ELISA testing for COVID-19?

Consider the client's case history: 30 year-old female with gradual hearing loss over the last 3 years. Her older sister reports problems hearing since about the age of 18. She reports a light roaring sound in her left ear, no problem with dizziness, otalgia, pressure or otorrhea. The audiologist is suspicious of otosclerosis but needs an ENT to make the official diagnosis.

State something that you learned about the muscular system that was knew knowledge to you. Why did you find it interesting?

How will the knowledge help you in your future career, or your personal life.

1. Orthostatic hypotension is defined as the failure to maintain a fairly constant blood pressure during posture changes.  List all the functional locations within the cardiovascular system where a lack of function could lead to baroreceptor reflex dysfunction.  

2..  Describe in detail an example where the nervous system affects the circulatory system.

3. Describe in detail an example where the nervous system affects the circulatory system.