Question

In 1 long bond paper, give the brief definition and 4 aspects of disease in the following muscular diseases and disorder.

1. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

2. Fibromyalgia

3. Muscle hypertrophy

4. Muscle atrophy

5. Myotonic muscular dystrophy

6. Myasthenia gravis

7. Tendinitis

8. Muscle cramps

Answer 1

1. Duchenne muscular dystrophy

An inherited disorder of progressive muscular weakness, typically in boys.

Girls can be carriers and mildly affected, but the disease typically affects boys.

Symptoms include frequent falls, trouble getting up or running, waddling gait, big calves and learning disabilities.

There is no cure, but physiotherapy and medication, such as corticosteroids, can help control symptoms and improve quality of life.

2. Fibromyalgia

Widespread muscle pain and tenderness.

Fibromyalgia is often accompanied by fatigue and altered sleep, memory and mood.

Treatment consists of self care and therapy.

Medication, talk therapy and stress reduction may help in controlling the symptoms.

3. Muscle hypertrophy

Muscle hypertrophy is a term for the growth and increase of the size of muscle cells.

The most common type of muscular hypertrophy occurs as a result of physical exercise such as weightlifting, and the term is often associated with weight training.

Two factors contribute to hypertrophy are : sarcoplasmichypertrophy, which focuses more on increased muscle glycogen storage and myofibrillar hypertrophy, which focuses more on increased myofibril size.

4. Muscle atrophy

Muscle atrophy is when muscles waste away.

It's usually caused by a lack of physical activity.

Getting regular exercise and trying physical therapy may reverse this form of muscle atrophy.

Muscle atrophy can be treated by making certain lifestyle changes, trying physical therapy, or undergoing surgery.

5. Myotonic muscular dystrophy

Myotonic dystrophy is a long-term genetic disorder that affects muscle function.

Myotonic muscular dystrophy is a common multi-system disorder that affects the skeletal muscles ,smooth muscles  and cardiac muscles of the heart.

treatment is focused on maintaining patients quality of life.

6. Myasthenia Graves

A weakness and rapid fatigue of muscles under voluntary control.

The condition is caused by a breakdown in communication between nerves and muscles.

Symptoms include weakness in the arm and leg muscles, double vision and difficulties with speech and chewing.

Treatment consists of steroids, medication therapy and surgery.

7. Tendinitis

Tendinitis is inflammation or irritation of a tendon ( the thick fibrous cords that attach muscle to bone).

The condition causes pain and tenderness just outside a joint.

It is most common around the shoulders, elbows, wrists, knees and heels.

Rest,Over-the-counter medications like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can reduce the symptoms.

8. Muscle cramps

A painful, involuntary contraction of a muscle.

Overuse of a muscle, dehydration, muscle strain or simply holding a position for a prolonged period can cause a muscle cramp. Management includes Stretch and massage, Apply heat or cold. (Use a warm towel or heating pad on tense or tight muscles).