6) In our body, there are many types’ of tissues which perform their physiological function according to our body’s requirement. Some of the tissues are soft, fluid and hard in nature. When we are growing old, the hard type of tissue becomes weak and doctors generally prescribe supplements which are required to strengthen them. Based on the above discussion, answer the following questions.
a) List the possible supplements that can be taken to strengthen the above mentioned tissue. Justify your answer.


b) Explain the different types of cells that can be seen in this tissue and explain its origin and their mechanism?

1. Why is it so difficult for people with COPD to breathe? How does the disease affect the rate of diffusion and why does it affect the rate of diffusion?

2. Why can you not put a fresh water fish in a salthwater tank? Why can't you put a saltwater fish in fresh water fish?

Clinical application
Claire Diego is an 11 year old girl living in Los Angeles. She complains of having to urinate more frequently with a large urine volume. She also is very thirsty. She has no previous illnesses, except that 6 weeks ago she developed a sore throat. It persisted for 2.5 weeks until she was seen by her pediatrician. At that time it cleared over the next 2 weeks with antibiotics. She is current on her vaccinations. She has had no travel out of the State of California in her life. The family has no pets or contact with wildlife. Her physical test is unremarkable.
Her blood pressure is 120/77. 
Other lab values:
Blood sugar = 99 
ADH level = normal
Aldosterone level = normal Urinalysis: albumin = 5+
RBC’s = 40-50/HPF Urine culture = negative 
 If I said this was a renal corpuscle problem, what link can you see to the sore throat in her history?

Hint: how could antigen/antibody complexes and complement, then inflammation, from the immune system be involved in the etiology of the abnormality? Look again at filtration pressures in the renal corpuscle. Which one of the pressures would now be abnormal in this patient? _____________. Assign that pressure 14 mmHg. Now draw a picture of the forces effecting filtrate flow through this patient’s renal corpuscle and show why she is she urinating more. Show her NFP.

Explain the mechanism of blood pressure homeostasis. Your answer should state the name of the reflex that maintains constant blood pressure and identify all 5 components of the negative feedback loop. Also, describe in detail how the body would compensate for a rise in blood pressure, including the division of the autonomic nervous system stimulated.

1. Mr. X is a long distance swimmer. He is regularly doing the training to maintain his swimming capacity.

Discuss about,

A. The muscle fiber type involved in this training and sports.

B. Discuss the muscular system adaptation with his swim training.

C. Add a note on energy systems that are involved in this sport.

Explain the role of pressure gradients in the cardiac cycle. Your answer should state the relationship between pressure gradients and blood flow. For each phase of the cardiac cycle, describe how pressure changes influence the direction of blood flow and the opening and closing of valves in the heart.

Explain glomerular filtration and the mechanisms that control its pressure and rate. Why is GFR critical to normal urine formation?

Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the digestive system. How do mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors inform the nervous controls about the state of the alimentary canal? Describe how they control the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases of stomach’s action.

Given the patients acid-base imbalance, discuss the potential risks of prescribing Lisinopril and describe clinical manifestations resulting from that condition.
How does hyperkalcemia occur and its causes

Interferons always stimulate the production of more MHC-I on the surface of cells. In this way, interferons can help activate Question 62 options: CD4+ T cells CD8+ T cells B cells Dendritic cells

Describe how the central chemoreceptors act to regulate ventilation. Be sure to describe the integrating centers and sensors involved, their locations, and explain their roles in determining ventilation rate. Be sure to include any chemical equations (and enzymes!) that are necessary to explain ventilation regulation and explain how the mechanisms work. Then explain how the system responds when arterial blood pH is elevated, and explain how the response corrects arterial CO2. Explain how the system responds when arterial blood pH is decreased, and explain how the response corrects arterial CO2.