Question

1) List the two major types of glands and describe the function of each type of gland.

2)Draw a negative feedback diagram showing the activity of Parathyroid Hormone   
    (PTH) on calcium balance in the blood. Within the diagram, remember to show the
    basic components of a feedback loop!  

3). State and explain the processes involved in the expression of a gene in a DNA
    molecule as a protein product.

4) State the role of the following cellular organelles/parts/regions: (3 points)
a. Rough endoplasmic reticulum



b. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum



c. Chromatin
     

5. Identify the following molecules. For a, name the reaction links molecules of this type
    together?  For b, name the chemical the molecule is derived from. (4 points)

a.                       b.

6.  List two ways that cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscle. (2 points)

7. Explain the principle of osmosis. (2 points)

Answer 1

1. The man two division of the gland is endocrine and exocrine. Endocrine glands don't have ducts and release their secretion hormone directly into the bloodstream and through the bloodstream, they reach their target and produce their action. While the exocrine glands have ducts and release their secretion through the duct to the respective target region to produce their action. Endocrine glands are seen close to their target while endocrine glands are found at distinct locations.

2.

3. The genes in the DNA are converted into mRNA and the genes of mRNA are converted into protein. The process of conversion of DNA into mRNA is the transcription in which the genes in the DNA are copied to mRNA as the complementary base pairs with the help of RNA polymerase as the catalyst. And the genes in the mRNA are read by tRNA as an anticodon triplet sequence to convert into proteins. It is the translation.

4.

a) Rough endoplasmic reticulum - It has a ribosome on its surface so seen as rough and is involved in the protein synthesis with the help of the ribosome causing the protein assembly. And more in the nucleus and Golgi apparatus.

b) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the lipid and phospholipid synthesis to form plasma membrane or as steroid products and is found more in the glands such as testes, ovaries, and oil glands of the skin.

c) Chromatin fibers are found in the chromosomes as condensed and coiled forms. And functions in DNA replication, transcription, DNA repair, cell division, and genetic recombination of the cell.