True or false

The heart is located in the mediastrinum slightly to the left of the midline with an anterior left ventricle and posterior right ventricle.

Pacemaker cells form the AV nodes and lack a distinct plateau phase.

The heart consists of two superior ventricles, two AV valves, two inferior atria and two aortic semilunar valves.

Lymph from the lower limbs drains into the right lymphatic duct.

Cardiac cells are joined to one another by intercalated discs that contain gap junctions for depolarization between cells and desmosomes to hold the fibers together when the heart contracts.

The ventricular ejection phase generally correlates with the S-T segment and the T wave on the ECG.

Lymphatic vessels constitute a one-way system that delivers fluid form the blood vessels to the extracellular space

Systole is the contraction portion of the cardiac cycle and diastole is the relaxation portion.

There are typically four pulmonary veins, two draining each lung. They all connect to right atrium.

The sympathetic nervous system increases blood pressure in the short term by increasing cardiac______output¬¬¬¬¬____and___bloodpressure.

The rapid depolarization phase of the contractile cell action potential is due to the opening of voltage-gated potassium ion channels.

The buffy coat is the fraction of an anticoagulated blood sample that contains most of the leukocytes and thrombocytes.

Erythrocytes are biconcave discs with prominent nuclei. The main function of erythrocytes is to transport O2 on the molecule hemoglobin.

The plateau phase in cardiac cell is due to the influx of calcium ions through calcium ion channels
The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of the ventricular filling phase is the end –systolic volume

The first branch of the aortic arch is the brachiocephalic artery, which divides into the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery.

Tissue perfusion to the heart decreases during systole and increases during diastole

Atrial systole is responsible for ejecting most of the blood into ventricles during the ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle

.

During heart transplant surgery, an electric shock is sometimes needed to make the donor heart beat properly because the electric shock activates the sympathetic nerve fibers in the ventricles.

People with type AB- (negative) blood are universal recipients because they have no antibodies to A, B or Rh in their blood and can receive red blood cells from a donor of any blood type.

Briefly, describe the functions of these 5 structures.

(a) transverse tubule

(b) perimysium

(c) satellite cells

(d) sarcoplasmic reticulum

(e) myosin ATPase

Now, hypothesize what would happen to skeletal muscle function if the number of RyR were reduced by 50%

Discuss Lipoproteins Classification, Metabolism, and Choose One of them and Discuss the Function(s) of it inside the body?

(Please notice that your answer not to exceed 1 page with 100 words for each type)

On a night out with friends at the viaduct, john has too much to drink. He loses his balance and falls, hitting his head on the concrete floor. He is assessed by a paramedic for a possible concussion. Assume normal physiology and anatomy in addressing the specific questions below

Section1(200 words)

1-Describe the anatomical structures and locations that produce and remove cerebrospinal fluid from the central nervous system?

Section 2 (250words)

2A. Describe the structure of the blood brain barrier and explain how it is supposed to protect the brain?

2B-Why did the blood brain barrier not successfully prevent the alcohol from entering into johns’s brain?

2C-What major regions of John’s brain would you expect to have been affected by the alcohol to influence his somatic motor function?

What are neural networks, and how do neural networks relate to localized and global brain functioning? What does our knowledge of neural networks tell us about how the brain processes information? How do PET scans and fMRI allow us to see the flow of information throughout networks?

Arterioles present the greatest resistance to blood flow. Explain blood flow mechanism and resistance occurring in arterioles. use pressure and resistance in explanation

6. Which type of membrane contains connective tissue?
a.
a mucous membrane
b.
a serous membrane
c.
a synovial membrane
d.
all of the above

7. The visceral peritoneum covers the _____ of the _____ cavity.
a.
wall; chest
b.
organs; abdominal
c.
wall; abdominal
d.
organs; chest

8. Which type of membrane lines the space between bones in joints that move?
a.
cutaneous membrane
b.
mucous membrane
c.
synovial membrane
d.
epithelial membrane

9. Which statement is not true of the epidermis?
a.
It is a cutaneous membrane.
b.
It is composed mostly of connective tissue.
c.
It is the outermost layer of skin.
d.
It contains the stratum germinativum.

10. Which statement is not true of the dermis?
a.
It is a cutaneous membrane.
b.
It is composed mostly of connective tissue.
c.
It contains the stratum germinativum.
d.
All of the above are true of the dermis.

11. The stratum corneum
a.
is composed mostly of dead cells
b.
is the innermost layer of the epidermis
c.
contains melanocytes that give the skin color
d.
Both b and c describe the stratum corneum.

Chapter 7: The Integumentary System and Body Membranes

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following is not an epithelial membrane?
a.
cutaneous
b.
mucous
c.
synovial
d.
serous

2. Which of the following is not a connective tissue membrane?
a.
cutaneous
b.
mucous
c.
synovial
d.
Neither a nor b is a connective tissue membrane.

3. The pleura in the thoracic cavity is an example of a _____ membrane.
a.
mucous
b.
serous
c.
cutaneous
d.
synovial

4. The skin is an example of a _____ membrane.
a.
mucous
b.
serous
c.
cutaneous
d.
synovial

5. The lining of the mouth is an example of a _____ membrane.
a.
mucous
b.
serous
c.
cutaneous
d.
synovial

Hormones of the Adrenal Gland

1. Stress & its Manifestations

(A) Discuss what could be stressor to an older 72 year old man and the possible manifestations

(B) Discuss what could be a stressor to a fetus and the possible manifestations

(C) Discuss the effect of stress on certain diseases

(D) Discuss the stages of the stress response

Hormones Produced by Other Endocrine Glands or Tissues

Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland:

Hormones of the Thyroid and Parathryoid Glands

Hormones of the Adrenal Gland