Using three examples for two body systems, explain the physiological concept of structure function relationships - structure enables function

1. Explain how force generation by human skeletal muscle can be increased to pick up increasingly heavy loads. In your answer, include the terms summation and motor unit.

How does GPCR work with opioid receptors and the antagonist Narcan?

1. Describe the effect of a mutation in the gene that encodes for the C3 protein of the complement pathway.

1. How do B and T cells recognize specific antigens?
2. What are two types of acquired immunity? Describe each and give an example.
3. Explain the process from the activation of the B cell to the production of antibodies.
4. How do cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells?

1. Explain the pathophysiological conditions which necessitate the use of dialysis machine.
2. Explain the mechanism underlying dialysis using a typical dialysis machine.
3. Explain the challenges involved in the use of the dialysis machine

Written form: What do you think would happen if the receptors on a target cell become resistant to the hormone? Do you know any disease related to this?

1. Please analyze the next image in rest, consider the muscle, tendons, bones, etc and make a mechanical model and show the free body diagram.
2. Simulate the behavior of this body for two forward steps.

   Image:

Briefly describe how lactate is formed within skeletal muscle during exercise. Consider the exercise intensity and the metabolic system required for lactate formation. Then, describe why lactate is physiologically relevant for an athlete and not just some waste byproduct that you want to clear.

Explain the role of the vasa recta in maintaining the medullary interstitial concentration gradient

Explain in detail how the medullary osmotic gradient is generated and maintained and why the gradient is important for regulating water balance and urine volume

linea terminalis passes throuhg which part of sacrum ??

An individual ingests a substance that acts as an agonist to muscarinic receptors. What effect do you predict it will have on the individual?

Activity 7: • Compare the conduction velocities of the three neurons. Based on what we discussed in class, why did you notice these changes? Activity 8: • When the “Control Ca2+” solution was used, why do you suppose more neurotransmitter was released when going from a low intensity stimulus to a high intensity stimulus? • Why was there no release of neurotransmitters when the “No Ca2+” solution was used? Why did this occur? • How did the amount of neurotransmitters secreted in the “Low Ca2+” compare to the amount secreted in the “Control Ca2+”? Why do you think this occurred? • Why did the “Mg2+” solution affect the amount of neurotransmitters released?

Activity 4: • What was the peak voltage at R1 and R2 when you first stimulated the neuron using 30mV? • What does TTX do to voltage-gated Na+ channels? • What does lidocaine do to voltage-gated Na+ channels? How does the effect of lidocaine differ from the effect of TTX? • Can someone affected by TTX be treated? • Pain-sensitive neurons (called nociceptors) conduct action potentials from the skin or teeth to sites in the brain involved in pain perception. Where should a dentist inject the lidocaine to block pain perception?