-Choose One Vitamin and One Mineral (Marco or Trace) and explain How its Function (s) in the Body?

(Please notice that your answer not to exceed 200 words for each point).

Mention (1) Example of Fat-Soluble Vitamin and (1) Example of Water- Soluble Vitamin and Differentiate between both of them?

(Please notice that your answer not to exceed 300 words about each).

68) The insular lobe of the brain performs _____________ functions.

A) vision perception            B) speech            C) gustatory            D) higher executive/decision

70) A neurotransmitter, _________________, is the main chemical signal found at a neuromuscular junction.

A) dopamine               B) calcium               C) acetylcholine               D) acetylcholinesterase

73) The most powerful muscle in the body is the ________.

A) quadriceps femoris        B) rectus abdominis        C) gastrocnemius        D) gluteus maximus

78) The signal on the membrane of a neuron’s dendrites and cell body is called a(n) ________________.

A) action potential            B) neurotransmitter            C) graded potential            D) ligand

79) Isotonic contraction describes a muscle _____________ and _______________.

A) contracting; shortening               B) not contracting; shortening

C) not contracting; not shortening               D) contracting; not shortening

81) If ____________ and _____________ are absent or depleted, there will be no muscle contraction.

A) calcium; dopamine               B) acetylcholine; acetylcholinesterase    

C) ATP; acetylcholinesterase               D) calcium; ATP

83) Muscles with a very high stimulus frequency that reach a maximum tension are described as being in a _______________ state.

A) sub-threshold               B) fused (complete) tetanus               C) fused (incomplete) tetanus               D) twitch

84) A constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles is called muscle ______________.

A) tone               B) twitch               C) summation               D) relaxation

91) The neurotransmitter concentration in the synaptic cleft must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following glial cells is most responsible for this regulation?

A) microglia             B) astrocytes             C) Schwann cells             D) oligodendrocytes

93) Saltatory conduction of an action potential is made possible by ________.

A) the myelin sheath                B) large nerve fibers

C) diphasic impulses                D) erratic transmission of nerve impulses

Mrs. Debbie Morgan is a 45-year-old female who works as a stocking clerk for a local home improvement store. While she was at work today a large box of metal rivets fell from a 20-ft.-high overhead shelf, striking her outstretched arm and knocking her to the ground. The ambulance personnel reported that she had lost quite a bit of blood at the accident scene and was “knocked out” when they arrived. To minimize further hemorrhage, the paramedics applied a pressure bandage to her arm.

You meet the paramedics as they bring Mrs. Morgan into the emergency room and begin to assess her for injuries. She is awake and alert, but complaining of severe left arm and back pain, plus she has a “killer headache.” To fully examine her injuries you remove four blood-soaked bandages from her arm. You notice a large open wound on her arm with what appears to be bone tissue sticking out of the skin. She also has bruises covering her left shoulder, left wrist, and lower back. To determine the extent of her injuries Mrs. Morgan undergoes several x-rays, which reveal the following:

1) fracture of the left humerus at the proximal diaphysis,

2) depressed fracture of the occipital bone,

3) fracture of the 3rd lumbar vertebral body.

Short Answer Questions

Define the following terms, used in the case and also in associated questions (1 point each):

1. hemorrhage
2. fracture
3. proximal
4. diaphysis

2. One way bones are classified is by their shape. How would you classify the bones fractured by Mrs. Morgan (3 points)?

3. The body of Mrs. Morgan’s vertebra is fractured. What type of bone tissue makes up the majority of the vertebral body (1 point)? Describe the structure and function of this type of bone (2 points).

4. The diaphysis of Mrs. Morgan’s humerus is fractured. What type of bone tissue makes up the majority of the diaphysis of long bones like the humerus (1 point)? List and describe/define the layers (lamellae) of bone tissue found here (3 points).

5. Most connective tissue, including bone, is highly vascular. Which anatomical structures in Mrs. Morgan’s compact bone house blood vessels (2 points)? What sign or symptom in Mrs. Morgan’s case is directly related to disruption of these structures by her bone fractures (1 point)? How is the sign or symptom related to these anatomical structures (1 point)?

6. Within days after a fracture, a “soft callus” of fibrocartilage forms. What fibers are found in this type of cartilage (1 point)? Identify the cells required for fibrocartilaginous callus formation and list their functions (2 points).

7. As a fracture is repaired, new bone is added to the injury site. What term is used to describe the addition of new bone tissue (1 point)? Identify which bone cell is responsible for this process (1 point)and explain how it occurs (2 points).

8. In the final stage of bone repair, some of the osseous tissue must be broken down and removed. What term is used to define the breaking down of osseous tissue (1 point)? Which bone cell would be best suited for this task (1 point)?

9. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of bone is considered to be a composite material made up of organic and inorganic matter. What makes up the organic and inorganic portions of the matrix (2 points)? Describe the cellular mechanism involved in breaking down this matrix; include the bone cell required for the process (2 points).

An Essay on 1. 2. Explain the physiological concept of structure-function relationships (structure enables function) and illustrate your understanding by presenting three examples from at least two different body systems.

1. what cavities exist between the thoracic and cavities? what folds close these cavities? 2. what folds separate the thoracic cavity? 3. Discuss how the foregut separates to form the trachea ventrally and the oesophagus dorsally? 4. list the components of the heart tube and the adult derivative of each.

no figure is needed.

How does hyperinflated breathing affect the forced expired volume (FVC) and forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV₁)?

what membrane proteins that bind substances, like hormones?

1). Unlike the female's ovaries, the male's testes are found within the scrotum outside of the abdominopelvic body cavity. Why is this the case?

2). Summarize the two primary functions of the testes.

3). Identify and define the Male functions in reproduction

4). How does the function of reproduction differ from all other body functions?

Compare the neural and hormonal control of the GI system (3 basic differences)

Compare the long and short reflexes of the GI tract. (3 basic differences)

Explain the differences between cephalic, gastric and intestinal phases of GI control. (2 differences each)

Answer in dot points!!

The nervous system, composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia, serves as the human body’s primary communication and control system.

1. Looking at the major organs within this system, explain how the anatomy of each organ provides insight into its physiological functions.