Question

1. Blood vessels that enter the kidneys and traveling to the cortex go through what area in the medulla?
a.   renal columns
b.   renal medulla
c.   renal pyramids
d.   renal pelvis

2.   List the correct order of arteries that enter the kidney.
a.   renal artery, interlobar, arcuate, segmental, and interlobar arteries
b.   renal artery, segmental, interlobular, arcuate, interlobar arteries
c.   renal artery, segmental, interlobar, arcuate, interlobular arteries
d.   segmental arteries, renal, interlobular, arcuate, and interlobar arteries
e.   renal arteries, arcuate, interlobar, segmental, and interlobular arteries

3.   If the glomerular blood pressure is 42 mm Hg (normal is 55 mm Hg) which of the following is most likely to happen?
a.   the needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not reabsorbed
b.   filtration stops because this pressure is equal to the pressures that oppose it and there will not be any net movement of substances into the proximal tubule
c.   nearly all of the filtrates may be absorbed
d.   there is filtration but at a slower rate

4.   The problem that develops when large proteins diffuse through the glomerulus into the proximal tubules is an indication of potential kidney blockage.
a.   true
b.   false

5.   Angiotensin II function is to activate the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone which enhances reabsorption of sodium ions.
a.   true
b.   false

Answer 1

1. The blood vessels entering the kidney through the hilum enters the cortex through the renal columns of Bertin. Renal pelvis don't contain any blood vessels. Pyramids are made up of collecting ducts only. Renal columns are the medullary extensions of renal cortex. Answer is renal cortex.

2. Renal artery, 5 segmental arteries, each segmental artery, lobar Artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery, afferent arteriole, glomeruls. So answer is option c.

3. The net filtration Pressure is = glomerular blood pressure-colloid osmotic pressure in glomeruls-hydrostatic pressure in bowman's space. = (Normally) 55-15-30= 10 mmHg. This pressure moves the fluid into the Bowman's space from the glomerulus. But now, as the glomerular blood pressure is 42mmHg, putting it in above formula= 42-15-30= -3 mmHg. This means that no filtration will occur as the net filtration pressure has become nearly zero. Answer is option c.

4. True. When there is urinary tract obstruction, the kidney becomes damaged. The glomeruls becomes damaged and protein starts leaking into the tubules. Eg Ureteric stones, kidney stones.

5. Angiotensin II and Aldosterone are parts of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS). Renin is stimulated by hypoperfusion of kidney. Renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is converted into angiotensin II by enzyme ACE. Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release Aldosterone. Aldosterone acts on the P cells of cortical collecting ducts and induce the expression of channels- Epithelial Na channels which reabsorb Na and water and excrete K. TRUE.