Emma Norton, aged 26, is admitted to hospital with an acute exacerbation of her COPD. Using your knowledge of the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system , please answer the following questions below. Be sure to clearly label the different parts.

PART A / Emma undergoes a pulmonary lung function test. How would her total lung capacity test and her FEV1/FVC values compare to normal physiological values?

PART B / In hospital, Emma is placed on oxygen but develops respiratory depression. Explain why Emma stops breathing when she is administered oxygen.

PART C / Emma's COPD has caused pulmonary hypertension and subsequent failure of the right ventricle. What are the roles of venous pressure and capillary hydrostatic pressure in causing edema?

PART D /  Emma's right ventricular failure has caused a decrease in cardiac output. Explain which hormonal system will be activated and how it compensate for this.

1. During an Action potential, Na+ enters the cell and causes the membrane voltage to become less negative. This process is called______________.

2. During Resting Membrane Potential of a cell, Na+ is more concentrated __________ whereas K+ is more concentrated ____________.

3. At the beginning of Repolarization, ______ channels close and ______ channels open.

4. What is the name of the muscle fiber organelle that is continuous with the sarcolemma and transmits an action potential through the inside of a cell?

5. Name the neurotransmitter that creates an action potential on the Motor End Plate of a muscle fiber.

How have human activities influenced the composition of our internal microbiota? What activities drive these effects? Outline some potential consequences of changes to our microbiota.

Please give a detailed answer. Add supportive equations or flow diagrams if possible.

Thank you.

Explain what is meant by the thrifty gene hypothesis (also known as the Barker's hypothesis or foetal programming) and describe the epigenetic processes involved in foetal programming.

Please give a detailed answer. Add supportive equations or flow diagrams if possible.

Thank you.

Describe the function of the hypothalamus in the control of body weight

Please give a detailed answer. Add supportive equations or flow diagrams if possible.

Thank you.

Q2. Discuss all three of the following topics;

a. beige (aka brite) fat

b. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)

c. basal metabolic rate (BMI)

Please give a detailed answer. Add supportive equations or flow diagrams if possible.

Thank you.

5. Explain how the plasma concentration of free Ca2+ concentration is regulated and include the function of inorganic phosphate (HPO42-) in this process.

Please give a detailed answer. Add supportive equation if possible.

1. For cortisol:

a. What causes the release of cortisol?

b. Use a diagram to show how the release of cortisol is controlled

c. What is the role cortisol in the acute stress response?

d. What are the possible effects of highly elevated levels of cortisol during prolonged stress?

Please give a detailed answer. Add supportive equations or flow diagrams if possible.

6. Concerning potassium.

a. What is the normal range for plasma potassium?

b. Why is maintaining potassium in this range so important?

c. How is plasma potassium concentration controlled in the short term (secs) and in the long term (minutes to hours)?

Please give a detailed answer. Add supportive equations or flow diagrams if possible.

4. Describe the different processes that provide ATP within the muscles for intense exercise of short duration and for endurance exercise.

Please give a detailed answer. Add supportive equation if possible.

3. Describe the control of cardiovascular function during exercise including local control, the metaboreflex, central control and baroreceptor resetting.

Please give a detailed answer. Add supportive equations if possible.

1. Explain why the HCO3VCO2 buffering system is so effective in controlling the pH of the extracellular solution. Include in your answer the role of haemoglobin in buffering of the H+ ions derived from CO2 in the blood.

Please give a detailed explanation. Add supportive equations if possible.

Drinking a glass of water, or drinking anything, seems like such a simple, voluntary movement. Yet, it involves so much muscle and nerve interaction. Can you go into some detail on the nerves that are involved. How about the cranial nerve that allows us to swallow?

18a. Define the following:

Homeostasis

Set point.

20b. State the mechanism of optimization using the terms stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, and response in your answer.

30f. State the function of goblet cells and whether they are endocrine or exocrine glands.

31b. Explain why the answer in 31a makes epithelial tissue structurally ideal for creating barriers.

31c. State the name of the extracellular matrix of epithelial tissue.

31d. State the function of 31c.

31e. State what forms 31c.

32a. Define the location of the apical, lateral, and basal portions of epithelial cells.

32b. State within which portion of 3a you would find cilia or microvilli.

32c. State the difference between cilia and microvilli in terms of function.

32d. State on which portion of 3a you would find cell-to-cell junctions be located.

32e. State which portion of 3a touches the basement membrane.

34a. Define regeneration/renewal and explain the functional significance of renewal to epithelial tissue.

35a. Explain the difference between simple and stratified epithelium in terms of structure and function.

35b. Explain the difference between simple squamous and simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium in terms of structure and function.

36a. Explain the difference between keratinized versus non-keratinized stratified squamous in terms of structure and function.