Ways in which Chemical Control Agents May Affect Bacteria

1. Describe one way an antibiotic can inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis, state how that ultimately kills the bacterium, and give an example of such an antibiotic.

2. Describe one way an antibiotic can alter bacterial ribosomes, state how that ultimately inhibits or kills the bacterium, and give an example of such an antibiotic.

3. Describe one way an antibiotic can interfere with bacterial DNA synthesis, state how that ultimately kills the bacterium, and give an example of such an antibiotic.

Which of the following issues will not cause a direct defect in collagen synthesis/trafficking?

A) deficiency in vitamin C

B) deficiency in mannose-6-phosphate

C) deficiency in procollagen-N-propeptidase

D) deficiency in lysyl oxidase

List a primary, secondary, and tertiary intervention for breast cancer, what would you recommend as a screening policy?

How would deletion of the Runx3 gene affect T cell's development? Would you expect different results if you knocked out IL7 expression in thymic epithelial cells?

Rhodesian Ridgebacks are known for the distinguishing feature of the ridge of hair
running along their back in the opposite direction from the rest of the coat. Recent
studies have shown this to be due to an autosomal dominant mutation in the "Ridge"
gene (i.e., those homozygous recessive for the mutation are ridgeless). You have two
ridged dogs (Dog 1 and Dog 2) that you have decided to breed, but you are uncertain
of their exact genotypes.

1) After breeding your dogs, you observe that out of 10 puppies, 3 are ridgeless.
a) What are the possible genotypes of the ridged and ridgeless puppies {please use
"R" and "r" to represent the alleles)?
b) Based on these results, what are the genotypes of Dog 1 and Dog 2? Explain how
you know this.

2) When looking only at the ridged puppies, can you definitively determine the
genotype of each individual puppy?

3) Devise a breeding experiment that would allow you to determine the specific
genotype of each ridged puppy. You may breed any of the puppies to each other or
backcross with a parent (Dog 1 or 2). Please make sure you explain the rationale of
your breeding crosses (i.e., what outcomes would you expect to see and how does
this help you determine genotype).

One day while walking in the park, you observe a squirrel munching on an acorn,
when suddenly a hawk comes and grabs and eats the squirrel. What is the squirrel in
this situation?
A. Predator
B. Primary consumer
C. Prey
D. Secondary consumer
E. Both B and C
F. Both A and D
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You have formulated a hypothesis: "Pineapples contain more vitamin C than
oranges." To test this hypothesis you measure vitamin C levels in 20 oranges and 20
pineapples from trees that were grown in the same orchard under the same
environmental conditions (temperature, rain, sunlight). Select all statements that are
true about this experiment.
a The independent variable is the type of fruit
b The dependent variable is the number of each fruit
c The dependent variable is the orchard
d The independent variable is the vitamin C levels
e The temperature is a controlled variable

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A man carries the mutation for colorblindness on his X chromosome. Who will he
pass this mutation on to?
a Half of his sons
b All of his daughters
c All of his sons
d Half of his daughters
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In the scientific method, a hypothesis ______ .
a. is a proposed explanation based on observations
b. should be broad and non-specific
c. is a question asked by the researcher
d. is a statement of scientific fact
e. is a summary of scientific results

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What is the sequence of the mRNA made from the gene TTAGCGGAACT?
a. UCAAGGCGAUU
b. AAUCGCCUUGA
c. AGUUCCGCUAA
d. UUAGCGGAACU
e. TTAGCGGAACT
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When two atoms have the same atomic number but different atomic masses, what
are they called?
a. radioactive
b. ions
c. elements
d. isotopes
e. electrons

In humans, the allele for brown eyes (B) is dominant. The allele for blue eyes (b) is
recessive. If a woman with genotype Bb and a man with genotype Bb have a child,
what will be the likelihood of the child having blue eyes?
a 0%
b 75%
c 50%
d 25%
e 100%
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What would be the result of a cell that underwent mitosis but not cytokinesis?
a Two daughter cells with no nucleus
b One daughter cell with two nuclei, each containing a normal number of
chromosomes
c Two daughter cells that are unusually small
d Two daughter cells with twice the number of chromosomes
e One daughter cell with one nucleus containing twice the normal number of
chromosomes
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What two processes are responsible for the transfer of information from genes to
proteins?
a respiration and translation
b translation and protein synthesis
c respiration and protein synthesis
d translation and mutation
e transcription and translation
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What is the function of the lysosomes?
a Packaging of proteins
b Digestion and waste removal
c Maintaining cell structure
d Production of energy
e Storage

outline the lytic and lysogenic cycle of a bacteriophage

describe the life cycle of a specific helminth ( including terminology)

Discuss the significance of physical barriers in gluconeogenesis.

BRIEFLY describe the rationale for doing transfection experiments in mammalian cells.

What happens to the electrons from water that was split into O2 and H+?

What does the water-splitting photosystem produce for the Calvin Cycle?

What does the NADPH producing photosystem produce for the Calvin Cycle?

How do the two electron transport chains differ in the photo reactions?

Describe the electron transport chain. How does it work?

What form is carbon in before it’s captured to make sugar?

What is the role of Rubisco? How does it ‘fix’ carbon?

Where does the potential energy come from to ‘run’ the Calvin Cycle reactions?

What is G3P? What 2 things is it used for?

Why is hot weather a problem for plants with respect to photosynthesis?

Name some strategies plants use to reduce water loss.

What are autotrophs? Besides plants, name other autotrophs.

Bacteria are simple organisms with no organelles, like chloroplasts, but there are some bacteria that can do photosynthesis. How do they do it?