How would you expect the rates of exocytosis and pinocytosis to differ between cells that are not actively dividing and cells that divide frequently?

Discussion Topic:

1. Discuss the health benefits and health risks associated with alcohol consumption.

The human body has two signaling systems, the hormone system and the nervous system to control body functions.

a) Describe the two systems

b) Why do we need two communication systems?

c) Do the two systems have evolutionarily the same origin? Justify your answer and give clear examples.

My teacher graded this with an E, saying that I am not identifying and explaining in detail, clearly, and correctly, for the two systems. And that I don't use correct and relevant terminology throughout. They are also saying that I don't have a well-developed and problematized justification with examples for both communication systems. Additionally, in the discussion I didn't present well-founded and nuanced arguments and give a detailed and nuanced account of the consequences of several positions, and didn't highlight relevant new question at issues that will guide the discussion forward.

What can I add to get a higher score?

My answer:

The nervous system causes information to be disseminated to the brain by means of the nerves in the body that send signals to the brain in the form of electrical stimulation, what can be sent to the brain is that in case you are injured, the nerves signal to the brain that you have been damaged itself. The nervous system consists of two parts, which are central and peripheral. The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system, and there are various parts of the brain that cooperate with the nerves. The peripheral nervous system is the nerves found in the body that connect to the brain and spinal cord and consists of the motor and sensory nerves, motor nerves are the nerves that are connected to muscles, and sensory nerves convey signals from the sensory organs to our brain.

The hormone system is glands (e.g., thyroid glands, ovaries/testicles) that form substances that signal and send information in the body and are transported with the blood. The hormone system determines a person's growth, metabolism, sex drive, reproduction. Examples of hormones may be cortisol, which is produced in the adrenal glands in stressful situations and causes blood pressure and pulse to rise and the trachea to open more, leading to the body being ready to handle dangerous situations where life is in danger. An important part of the hormone system is the pituitary gland that controls the remaining glands and its hormone production and which sits in a small part of the brain, and because the pituitary gland forms its hormones, the remaining glands are stimulated to produce their hormones. It is said that hormones only affect certain cells and act as chemical information signals. In the testes, men have their sex hormones, and that is necessary for men to develop the genitals, the hormone that develops there is called testosterone while the woman has her hormones in the ovaries and there she has her estrogen, the female hormones.

The communication systems are important because one needs to know the body's need for survival, and this is where the hormone and nervous systems help by sending signals from and to the brain, for example, Are hungry and need food or you are injured, the body must quickly send white blood cells to fight potential infections. For example, cortisol is important to produce in potential danger while the brain signals the heart to pump blood faster via cortisol to send oxygen-rich blood to the muscles in order to strain them in anticipation of a potential threat to a dangerous animal. The peripheral nervous system helps man to move joints and muscles, and from this, you can move, see things around and interpret things with the organs of the senses.

The nervous and hormone systems have the same origin because the nervous system records the body that is exposed to and the hormones help to solve any problems the body is exposed by secreting important hormones that prepare the body for dangers such as the hormone cortisol, for example, everything that affects the nervous system causes a release of different hormones, and it is important that there is a balance with these hormones or else you can have problems in the body.

Ok, so I'm struggling a bit with my labs being online due to covid. I was provided this information and an empty table.

"Sorghum is a genus of grass containing 25 species. Several species are grown in cultivation as livestock feed and one, Sorghum bicolor, is grown widely as a grain for human consumption and also for production of molasses and ethanol. It is one of the top five grain crops grown and consumed worldwide (along with wheat, corn, rice, and barley). Stem color is a character in Sorghum plants with two traits: red stems (dominant) or green stems (recessive). Complete Procedure 10.5 using the following data: 267 red stems and 103 green stems."

I believe I was meant to hypothesize the expected? Or was there a different way to attain that information through what was provided? Part B of the question is to state whether the hypothesis is supported or rejected, and show the rationale for my decision. Any help/explantation would be greatly appreciated! I have a handful more of these on my homework and I'd like to know that I'm doing them properly. Thank you =)

DATA BELOW

How does water pollution negatively affect energy processing in organisms? Please include examples regarding various types of organisms, from people to plants.

Practice questions: Which is/are true about the peripheral somatosensory system?
a. receptive fields are usually large where fine analysis is required (like finger
tips).
b. receptor cells are best at distinguishing two or more simultaneous stimuli when the stimuli are within the cell’s receptive field.
c. receptive fields are arranged systematically on the sensory surface.

d. A and B

e. B and C

Which of the following intestinal parasites are considered pathogenic, assuming the host is not immunocompromised?

Giardia lamblia

Entamoeba coli

Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba hartmanii

Iodamoeba bütschlii

Balantidium coli

Endolimax nana

Cryptosporidium parvum

Ascaris lumbracoides

Enterobius vervicularis

Trichuris trichuria

Hookworm

Strongyloides stercoralis

Diphyllobothrium latum

Taenia solium

Hymenolepiasis diminuta

Fasciolopsis buski

Look up the RPL4 gene in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) in Entrez Gene.

(a) What is RefSeq accession number of the genomic sequence of the gene? What is the RefSeq accession number of the corresponding mRNA sequence of the gene?

(b) Identify the same gene in Bos taurus (cattle). What is the RefSeq accession number of the genomic DNA sequence of the RPL4 gene in this animal? What is the RefSeq accession number of the corresponding mRNA sequence?

(c) Using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm, determine whether the two genomic se- quences of the gene in fly and cow are homologous. How do you know? Do the same with the corresponding mRNA sequences. Which of the two (genomic or mRNA sequence) Is more useful for drawing a conclusion regarding homology? Why does that type of sequence lead to a higher percent identity? To answer this question use the EMBOSS needle program with default parameters.

THIS IS THE ONLY INFORMATION GIVEN

Perhaps you and/or your significant other is a carrier of a harmful recessive trait, such as cystic fibrosis. What would you do when considering having children? Would you hope for the best and ignore the situation, or would you see a genetic counselor or what? Select a genetic disorder from the "groups" list. Don't forget to sign up for it. Explain what type of genetic defect or disorder it is. Explain how this genetic anomaly occurs. Is it autosomal or sex linked? Is it dominant, recessive or aneuploidy? You should include what the effects are for individuals, what are the survival rates, is there a higher risk in certain populations, and any other interesting information.

Choose from any of these groups.

Growing a tissue can only be done through 3D printing. T/F

A scaffold can be made by decellularizing a donated organ. T/F

Cells all have the same basic components regardless of tissue type. T/F

Fungi secrete many chemicals that are beneficial to humans. Name two of these chemcials and the fungi that produce them.

Before the understanding of bacteria and archaea as distinct domains, what characteristics were used to define 'prokaryotes"? Select the cell components that were believed to be lacking before genetic and genomic analyses proved otherwise.

membrane-bound nucleus

an endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes

a plasma membrane

Golgi apparatus

cytoskeleton

Read about the Germ Plasm theory. Propose any experiment that would act as a proof or germ plasm theory of inheritance.

provide the correct marine ecosystem.

17. A marine ecosystem located in soft-bottomed intertidal zones of the tropics. In the United States, the dominant organism can be any one of four large shrubs/small trees.

18. A marine ecosystem located in the temperate neritic zone. The dominant organism
is a protist.

21. Most sea turtles hatched along the East Coast of the United States will spend ten or so of their earliest years living in this marine ecosystem.

provide the correct freshwater ecosystem.

29. Areas of saturated ground, receiving water from rainfall and springs, rich in minerals, less acidic that

If a diploid cell has 4 chromosomes at interphase (before S phase), how many chromosomes AND sister chromatids will it have at each of the following phases?

Prophase 1

Metaphase 1

Anaphase 1

Telephase 1

Prophase 2

Metaphase 2

Anaphase 2

Telephase 2