The life cycle of flowering plants exhibits the same alternation of generations seen in lower plants (n gametophyteà2n sporophyte; where 2n = diploid number of chromosomes of the species). How does this life cycle compare with that of higher animals?

1. In Drosophila, the genes for body coloration and eye size are on different chromosomes. Normal-colored bodies are dominant to ebony-colored bodies, and normal-sized eyes are dominant to eyelessness. Line A is true breeding for normal bodies and normal eyes, while line B is true breeding for ebony bodies and eyelessness. F1 flies are crossed and 352 F2 flies are produced. How many F2 flies are expected to have ebony body color and to be eyeless?

2. What is the probability that a plant of genotype ccWw will be produced from parental plants of the genotypes CcWw and Ccww? Assume that the two gene pairs demonstrate simple dominance/recessiveness and that they assort independently.
Type your answer as a decimal fraction with 3 significant figures (0.XXX).

3. Assume you cross dihybrids of Pisum sativum: R/r (round seeds) and P/p (purple flowers). If you obtain 328 plants from that cross, what would be the expected number of plants that would have the genotype: R/r, P/p?

What effect will the following mutations have on intestinal epithelial transport? Consider all the players that are being transported (water, Na+, glucose, K+)
a.  a mutation that inhibits the Na+/K+ ATPase
b.  a mutation that blocks binding of the glucose to the glucose transporter on the basolateral membrane

Sodium-coupled transport is an important way of moving molecules in and out of the cell. Cardiac cells have a transporter for both Na+ and Ca+2; for every 3 Na+ that come into the cell, 1 Ca+2 is exported out of the cell. Ouabain is a drug that inhibits the Na/K pump. Explain what would happen to Na+, K+ and Ca+2 if ouabain was added to cardiac cells (for simplicity’s sake, consider that the only two transporters involved are the Na/K pump and the Na/Ca cotransporter).

1. Auxin, Jasmonic acid and Gibberellin have the same basic signalling pathway.
   1. Create a diagram of this generalized pathway that can be used to describe any of these hormones (this is another example of a useful study tool for the next midterm).
   2. Identify the proteins with functions similar to ARFs in jasmonate and gibberellin response.
   3. What is ubiquitin?
   4. What is the function of the proteasome and how does it know what protein to act on?

Draw one water molecule with 4 hydrogen bonds to 4 other water molecules. Indicating partial positive and partial negative charges.

what is the mechanism that allows the HIV virus to remain in the cell, to get passed down to all descendants of that cells and to retain the ability to be reactivated for the lifetime of the patient?

Assuming DNA polymerization by each polymerase in the DNA Pol III holoenzyme proceeds at a rate of 1000 nucleotides per second, how long would anormal E.coli cell take to replicate the entire E .coli chromosome? Under optimal condition, E.coli cells divide every 20minutes. How many replication forks will be present in each E.coli to sustain such a rate of division?

which antibiotic target could have the most toxicity associated with it?

a. 50 S ribosomal unit b. cell wall c. cell membrane

1. Name and draw two derivatives of amino acids beyond the 20 common amino
acids.

2. What effects the efficiency of enzymatic reaction(describe those)?

3. CJD and early-onset Alzheimer’s Disease was shown to be transmittable through the injection of HGH. What would that suggest about the brain-blood barrier?

Note: Please provide a professional 4th-year level with a clear explanation or LEAVE the question for someone else to answer!

Discuss in detail one potential benefit to industry, commerce, or society that is afforded through the implementation of aptamer technology.

How does an autoclave kill microbes so efficiently?

1. How are viral evolution and human evolution different? How are they the same?