Why is it important to distinguish adaptations from exaptations?

Please provide evidence.

1) Please define the term closed circulatory system. Which animals have it, and what are its’ evolutionary advantages over open systems (why might a closed system be more efficient)?

(10 points)

2) Describe all the events (steps) that occur during a cardiac cycle for mammals (organisms with a

double circulation), as well as the opening and

closing of all heart valves, and the signals arising from the SA and AV nodes. How does this cycle contribute to metabolic homeostasis for our cells, and what is the purpose of the valves?

3) Using information discussed during our lectures thus far, propose 2 physical ways that a human may develop hypertension

(abnormally elevated blood pressure). [One of these mechanisms should

stem from the blood vessels, and the other at the level of the nervous system]. What are the long-

term consequences of elevated hypertension?

3` - T A T A G A G C A A T T G C T A C G T G T A T C C C G A G A C T C C G T A A – 5`

5` - A T A T C T C G T T A A C G A T G C A C A T A G G G C T C T G A G G C A T T – 3`

1. The sequence above is showing a gene from, which you must transcribed and translated. The promoter (TATA box) is underlined and the start and stop codons are in BOLD. The intervening codons are highlighted. Make predictions about the following mutations:
   1. T is inserted before GTG codon. What’s the resulting protein sequence?
   2. A deletion of A occurs in addition to the insertion in a. What’s the resulting protein sequence?
   3. Do they have a similar effect on the protein? How do they differ?

Imagine that you are observing an enzyme-catalyzed reaction in the laboratory. The reaction is progressing as expected. As you periodically add more enzyme, the reaction increases proportionally until suddenly it stops increasing. At this point, no matter how much more enzyme that you add, the reaction rate does not change. Assuming no other chemicals have been added or changed, explain why the reaction rate has leveled off.

DNA polymerases I, III, and delta have important roles in replication. Which of these proteins have similar functions? Describe those similar functions that they share. Which one performs a different function and what is that function?

44) Your hobby is breeding fancy guinea pigs for people who like that sort of thing. You set up a cross in which the parents are true-breeding and have phenotypes as follows: the father has black fur and a long tail and the mother has white fur and is tailless. They produce offspring in which all of the males are white and have long tails and all of the females are grey with long tails.

a. Is fur color autosomal or sex linked? Explain.

b. Describe which fur color phenotypes are dominant, recessive, co-dominant, or incompletely dominant where appropriate.

c.Is tail length autosomal or sex-linked? Explain.

d.Describe which tail length phenotypes are dominant, recessive, co-dominant, or incompletely dominant where appropriate.

e.What phenotypic ratios do you expect in the F2

Gingivitis is a Periodontal pathogen that causes dental plaques. There are more than 500 species in the oral cavity. A study states that at least 3 genera of bacterial isolates were able to stimulate light production and about 170 were able to respond to the autoinducer AI-2. The signal for AI-2 induces the growth of the bacteria which eventually increases the severity of the infection.

a) Since 170 bacterial isolates respond to AI-2 quorum sensing alone, how many bacterial isolates use:

agr quorum sensing

hsl quorum sensing

AI-2/agr quorum sensing

AI-2/hsl quorum sensing?

b) If AI-2 induces growth and increases the severity of infection, do bacteria that use agr quorum sensing do the same thing or do they differ? What about bacteria that use hsl quorum sensing?

Describe how components of the cytoskeleton, cytoplasm, cell surface and extracellular matrix interact to form cell junctions and the roles of distinct junction types in skin

Diagram and explain transcription

What are the 7 steps of Intramembranous ossification?