discussed that all living organisms have seven properties in common: (1) they grow and develop, (2) interact/respond to the environment, (3) reproduce, (4) process energy, (5) self-regulate, (6) are ordered/organized, and (7) evolve/adapt. Viruses, however, represent a challenge to this because they do not self regulate or process energy, which has led to many scientists not classifying viruses as living and say they are simply particles. Based on what you know from, should viruses be considered living? There is no right answer to this, just support your position.

McArdle Disease (glycogen storage disease 5) is caused by mutations in the phosphorylase enzyme in muscle. The symptoms are muscle cramps, pain, and fatigue during strenuous exercise. A) An ischemic exercise test is often used as part of the diagnostic process. This test measures lactate in the blood but is not always specific for McArdle. Explain why lactate might be a good diagnostic measurement for this disease and how its production is regulated in muscle in a normal person versus a McArdle patient. B) A patient is undergoing an ischemic exercise test and is fed 13C glucose prior to the test and then blood is drawn after the test. Explain how the following substrates would be labeled 1) alpha-ketoglutarate, 2) glucose 3) ribose, and 4) alanine. C) in patients with McArdle would you expect electron chain activity to increase, decrease, or remain the same in the muscle cell if the person is at rest? exercising?

1. The regulation of aspartate derived amino acids in Arabidopsis thaliana is depicted as an integrated network involving pathway end products that act as allosteric effectors on enzymes in intermediate steps.

   1. Explain the downstream consequence of a reduction in the amount of S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) on the overall flux of carbon through the various branches of this metabolic pathway.

   2. The first step in converting aspartate into other amino acids is the phosphorylation of aspartate. In A. thaliana, there are five distinct aspartate kinase enzymes, two of which (AK I and AK II) are bi-functional enzymes that also possess homoserine dehydrogenase activity (HSDH I and
      HSDH II, respectively). What is the net effect of combining AK and HSDH activities into one enzyme? How does regulation of AK I/HSDH I and AK II/HSDH II impact the flow of carbon skeletons toward the possible end products in this pathway?

I need the results of the F1 and F2 generation using Punnet Square for:

1. Monohybrid cross between Parent gen. phenotypes scarlet and sepia drosophila

2. Dihybrid cross between Parent gen. phentotypes scarlet and yellow drosophila

with ratios.

TCA cycles, starting from two pyruvates to 6 CO2, generate 2 ATP, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH. How many ATPs are generated at each of the following processes? (use the data given here and the conversion factors 1 NADH=3 ATP, 1 FADH=2 ATP)

1) Substrate-level phosphorylation

2) Oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic respiration)

3) All ATP produced (both substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation)

1. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble vitamins because their structures include a hydrocarbon chain.True or False

2. Which form of vitamin E is maintained in plasma and used by the body?

3. Multiple Choice

A. Beta-tocopherol

B. Alpha-tocopherol

C. Gamma-tocopherol

D. Delta-tocopherol

4. During commercial refinement of flour, most of the vitamin E that was naturally in the wheat is lost. True or False

5. Long-term vitamin E deficiency may result in _______. Select all that apply.

A.nerve damage

B. impaired immune system function

C. blindness

D. increased retinol synthesis

Describe the results you would get back if you performed a Chip-Seq experiment for an E. coli strain containing plasmid RK2, to investigate where DnaA-ATP binding occurs throughout the genome. Will you find sequences from multiple regions of the genome?

What are the three types of FDA meetings? How are these meetings arranged?

Global CO2 concentration is rising rapidly. Which type of plants are more likely to benefit from the increased CO2 concentration?

C3 plants benefit most.

Reason why?

List out the 3 different genes and their respective responses in plants that you came across, that help plants respond to different signals

. A wild-type Hfr is mated to an F- strain that is io+ zy- . In the absence of inducer and glucose what should happen to β-galactosidase levels immediately after the mating (increase, decrease, or stay the same)? a. Explain your answer. b. Describe what would happen if the F- recipients were i+ oc zy- . c. In diploids, would you expect cap+ to be dominant or recessive to cap- ? Refer to lac expression and describe the phenotype of cap+ , cap- , and cap+ /cap- bacteria. d. What would be the effect on lac operon expression of a mutation in cap that caused it to bind to DNA in the absence of cyclic AMP?

. β-Galactosidase (lacZ) has bifunctional activity. It hydrolyzes lactose to galactose and glucose and catalyzes the intramolecular isomerization of lactose to allolactose. β-Galactosidase promotes the isomerization by means of an acceptor site that binds glucose after its cleavage from lactose and thus delays its exit from the site. Allolactose, not lactose, is the natural inducer for the lac operon. a. Would you expect β-galactosidase to be induced in a zy+ mutant upon the addition of lactose? Upon the addition of allolactose? b. Would you expect β-galactoside permease to be induced in a z+ y- mutant upon the addition of lactose? Upon the addition of allolactose? c. Can you suggest a reason why cells synthesize low levels of β-galactosidase and permease even when there is absolutely no lactose in the medium?