1. You have a lot of pet goldfish in a tank in your living room. You started your fish colony a couple of years ago from just 4 goldfish that were from the pet store (likely heavily inbred =very little genetic variation). One day you are cleaning the tank and notice a new juvenile fish with an unusual red spot on his tail. It is the only one in the population with this spot. What might be influencing this population? Why?

2. You are a chicken farmer in Hyattsville, MD and you have lots of chickens. Some lay brown eggs and some lay white eggs. By doing some quick counts over the past few weeks you see that your chickens lay about 80% white eggs and 20% brown eggs. A flash flood strikes your farm the next week. You save two of your 6 coops, the rest of the chickens are washed away. You move your remaining lucky chickens to higher ground, re-building the farm. Six months later, you re-do your egg count to find that your chickens are laying 60% brown eggs and 40% white eggs. What might be influencing this population? Why?

3. Bower birds are unique to Australia. These ground dwelling birds build elaborate grass nests and decorate them with brightly colored objects (often bits of trash and plastic) to attract a female. The birds use all sorts of colorful items and arrange their displays to try to be most appealing to the female (either using all one color of item or creating a rainbow jumble of plastic trash!) and arrange them artfully to attract females. The females choose their mates based on the brightness and elaborateness of the male’s nest displays. Why might these birds have evolved into such fantastic animal architects?

4. You decide to move to a remote island in Polynesia to conduct Anthropological ethnographic fieldwork. However, you refuse to leave your two Maine Coon cats behind, so you bring them with you to the island. The local stray cats on the island are all short haired, striped brown tabby cats. Your cats love to explore so you let them outside every night. A few years into your fieldwork you start to notice that the local island cats are looking different these days. You see many with bushy tails and some with long fur. What might be influencing this population? Why?

Discuss the adverse effects of free radicals in the body at the cellular level and explain the relationship they have with degenerative diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and others.

(( answer this in 5 or 6 sentencs, I don't need long answer)

Differences between viruses that infect eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Describe the genome classification of viruses that infect eukaryotes according to their structure.

1)A mutant E. coli was constructed containing a nonpolar null mutation in the lacZ gene. The null mutation resulted in a nonfunctional LacZ product. In the presence of lactose, would this mutant E. coli be induced to make Lac permease (LacY)? Why or why not?

2)What is the difference between a repressor and aporepressor?

Create a table of the following Nervous System and Eye Diseases  :

1. African Trypanosomiasis
2. Cryptococcal Meningitis
3. Leprosy
4. Tetanus
5. Poliomyelitis

Create columns as shown below:

Heating a broth culture of microorganisms to 140∘∘C for three seconds would ___ the culture.

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Extend the HW principle to apply to three alleles/locus within a population (A, a, a’) Answer these questions: 1.How many genotypes are possible 2. Extend the binomial theory to develop an equation to predict the expected frequencies of all possible genotypes for any given allele frequency? 3.Would this equation make predictions similar to the HW predictions? 4.If the frequencies of the three alleles are A = 0.5, a = 0.45, and a’ =0.05 5.What are the frequencies of the three genotypes. 6.IF the population was composed of 11,580 individuals How many of them would be predicted to be homozygous for the a’ allele? How many of them would be predicted to be heterozygous for any combination of alleles?

A protein you are studying is believed to have a beta barrel secondary structure that consists of several duplicate hydrophobic amino acid sequence repeats. What potential analytical issues would you encounter in the purification and analytical assessment of this type of protein and would you anticipate using detergents to help solubilize this protein (explain)?

What would happen if all the plants died? Few people care about the impact of vegetation other than for consumption.

Discuss the impact photosynthesizing plants have on our lives.

Stem cells have the potential to treat many diseases such as diabetes and Parkinson’s. These diseases are caused by the death or malfunction of particular cells.
a. What is meant by a stem cell?
For many conditions, adult stem cells are not suitable and researchers are hoping to use embryonic stem cells from a 6 day-old developing embryo after culturing them in the laboratory.
b. What is the difference between an embryonic stem cell and an adult stem cell?
c. What is the main source of embryos to provide stem cells for this research?
d. Why do the researchers choose to harvest the cells for culturing at six days and not a week later when there would be far more cells?
e. Many people are opposed to the use of embryonic stem cells on ethical grounds. Others feel there are good ethical reasons for doing this research. Outline the main arguments used on both sides (one main argument per side) and explain your own position.

1. Write chemical reactions for both DNA polymerization activity and 3'-->5' exonuclease activity of a DNA polymerase. Are the 2 reactions reversible to each other? Explain why 3'-->5' exonuclease activity is essential for a high fidelity DNA polymerase.

[AP Bio] Light wavelength significance for photosynthesis?

I am writing an analysis based on a theoretical lab report made by other ''students,'' and for the lab they were going to experiment on 'the amount of light and the wavelength of light.' and its significance for photosynthesis. I wrote the theory part below but I am not sure if I should elaborate on anything in particular, or if something is redundant, irrelevant, etc.

I want the theory to be factual and relevant, that is, for it to explain the theories needed to explain and analyze the result in the discussion, also for it to include concepts and phenomena and explain them in-depth and correct way.. thoughts?

THEORY:

Most of the energy that hits our planet comes from the sun, and this is energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation over a large wavelength spectrum. The light that hits the earth is very important for photosynthesis. Leaf dyes such as chlorophyll and carotene capture energy from the light and absorb red and blue light as they have a great effect on photosynthesis. These dyes are called pigments and are found in photosynthetic organisms, these pigments being the light-absorbing molecules that absorb only specific wavelengths of light, while reflecting other wavelengths. Chlorophyll is a green pigment that is common to all photosynthetic cells, and reflects green light while absorbing other wavelengths, which explains why most of us can see a plant as green.

Generally, there are five major types of chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, b, c, d as well as a molecule found in prokaryotes and called bacterial chlorophyll. Chlorophyll a and b are the most important pigments for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is found in algae and cyanobacteria, while chlorophyll b is found in green algae and plants. Chlorophyll is found in the thylakoids of the chloroplasts, which are surrounded by its own membrane, the lumen, and is in addition to the inner and outer membranes of the chloroplasts, the third membrane, and it is within the thylakoids that the photosynthetic light-dependent reaction takes place. The pigment molecules, together with proteins, are used to form a chemical structure called a photosystem. Each photosystem contains proteins and captures energy-rich photons through the chlorophyll contained in the photosystem. The energy is then used to break down water into oxygen, electron and hydrogen ion. The hydrogen ion concentration, in turn, becomes higher within the thylakoid membrane, or lumen in other words. Further, ATP synthase utilizes these hydrogen ions to produce ATP, which is later used in the non-light dependent reaction. ATP is the cell's energy source, but is rather short-lived in the cell and is therefore used to produce sugar.

By measuring how fast it is possible to absorb carbon dioxide, or how fast carbohydrates are formed, or how fast oxygen is released, we can determine the rate of photosynthesis. This speed is characterized by the brightness, as well as the availability of carbon dioxide. It can be noted that the change in photosynthesis rate is relative to wavelength, which can be obtained by measuring photosynthesis rate when illuminating a plant with the light of different wavelengths, but that they have the same energy content. Short-wave radiation, such as X-rays and ultraviolet light, contains more energy than long-wave radiation.

Theoretically, the light intensity should not be as effective in connection with the growing distance from which the lamp emits its light to the beaker. It is said that the light intensity has an inverse proportion to the square of the distance; thus, this is the inverse square law. Thus, it can be described as: I ∝ 1 / d2, where d stands for the distance in the unit meter, I stands for the light intensity with the unit W / m2, where W stands for watts or energy per second, and where ∝ stands for proportion.

how can a virus encode a protein larger than the size of its genome?

An acute viral disease infects a population of chipmunks, and only those homozygous for allele b are resistant. (Those individuals heterozygous or homozygous for allele B are susceptible and suffer 100% mortality).

A. If the initial frequency of allele b=0.2, what is the frequency (ignoring mutation) one generation after the introduction of this disease?

B. What is the mechanism of evolutionary change in this example?