Discuss what Darwin observed during his voyage on the Beagle. How did those observations lead to his theory about common descent with modification?

Use the scientific method in your discussion.

• Step 1: What did he observe?
• Step 2: What was his hypothesis?
• Step 3: What prediction was made based on his hypothesis?
• Step 4: How can the prediction be tested using similar observations?
• Step 5: What was the conclusion?

Your response must be at least 200 words in length.

1.   Describe why it is easier to genetically transform single-celled bacteria compared to multi-cellular animals?

2 List two bacterial traits that will be altered by bacterial transformation with pGLO plasmid?

3. List two bacterial traits that will NOT be altered by bacterial transformation with pGLO plasmid? That is, the traits will be the same in transformed and untransformed cells.

1. Learning to read is similar to learning to talk for most people.

a. True

b. False

2. Our eyes constantly jump around with movements known as _______________.

a. saccades

b. scotopics

c. subitizing

3. Which of the following can disrupt reading? (Select all)

a. Group of answer choices

b. Uncommon vocabulary

c. Text on a noisy background

d. Centered text

e. Plain language

4. Feature-driven reading is sometimes referred to as _____________ reading because it combines angles, curves, shapes, etc. into recognizable morphemes and words.

a. context-free

b. top-down

back-up

For each of the following tRNA anticodon sequences, determine which amino acid would be charged onto the tRNA. (note: these are ANTIcodon sequences, not codon sequences) If more than one tRNA is necessary to recognize all codons for that amino acid, state the anticodon sequences of the other tRNAs that would also be charged with that amino acid. If a given sequence is not a possible tRNA anticodon sequence, explain why not.

A. 5’- IAU - 3’

B. 5’- GCC - 3’

C. 5’- CCG - 3'

D. 5’- UAU - 3’

E. 5’- AGG - 3’

F. 5’- ICA - 3’

Now, for any one of the possible tRNAs, sketch a ribosome with the charged tRNA interacting with an appropriate codon in the A site. Then show two things that must happen before that tRNA can be found in the ribosome’s P-site.

Some photosynthetic Cyanobacteria can fix N2 to NH4 + (using the enzyme Nitrogenase) when they are otherwise starved for nitrogen. They sense nitrogen starvation by sensing an excess of the amino acid Glutamate (Glu) within the cell. If there is adequate nitrogen, much of the Glutamate is converted to Glutamine (Gln), so that the [Glutamate] remains low.

A. SKETCH the photosynthesis system in a typical aerobic Cyanobacterium. Be sure to show how O2 is involved, and how the three main forms of energy are generated.

B. When the [Glu] gets too high, the genes for Photosystem II are shut off, and the Nitrogenase genes are turned on. Assume that the Nitrogenase genes are under Negative control, and the PS-II genes are under Positive control. Make sketches showing how [Glu] affects both of these operons. Then explain each regulatory scheme in words. Be sure to label the regulatory proteins (‘A’ for activator and ‘R’ for repressor protein).

C. On your diagram from part (A), show and explain how turning off the genes for Photosystem II will affect the photosynthetic electron flow in this Cyanobacterium? Why is it important to turn off Photosystem II before the cells produce Nitrogenase?

D. Nitrogen fixation by Cyanobacteria (even with the normal regulation, as described above) is a lot more effective if the Cyanobacteria are grown in co-culture with nitrifying bacteria. Explain why the co-culture with nitrifiers helps with the process of nitrogen fixation.

Describe a purification scheme that starts with a mixture of cells, virions and proteins and ends with a tube containing pure virions. Or, how about obtaining a supernatant solution containing only pure virions?

What are 2 other cell types that the basophil cell interacts with, the results of that interaction and why they’re important. Please give detailed descriptions.

I was considering t cell, mast cell or b cells?

Question:

Is there a difference between oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes?

1. Yes, oncogenes are genes that can cause cancer when they become mutated to become proto-oncogenes, whereas tumor suppressor genes play no role in cancer.

2. Yes, oncogenes prevent cancer from forming unless they are mutated to become proto-oncogenes, whereas tumor suppressor genes stimulate the formation of cancer even in the absence of mutation.

3. No, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes both stimulate the development of cancer, even in the absence of their becoming mutated.

4. Yes, oncogenes are mutated versions of genes that promote abnormal cell division (such as ras), whereas tumor suppressor genes are genes that normally hold cell division in check when it is not appropriate .

5. No, since both types of genes contribute to the development of cancer, there is no difference between them.

which is correct?

functions of glycolipids

9)List three modern challenges in public health microbiology and potential ways to mitigate them.

1. What other factors will promote oxygen release from hemoglobin? What factors promote binding of oxygen to hemoglobin?
2. High levels of CO2 will promote oxygen release/binding (Pick one). Explain in terms of metabolic pathways why high levels of CO2 would promote release/binding of oxygen
3. How does the protein sequence of hemoglobin differ from normal hemoglobin? How does this change affect the structure of the protein? Explain what happens on the protein level to cause the sickling of the Red blood cells.

How can examples of organisms and traits that exhibit different combinations of presence and absence of homology and/or analogy be used to indirectly test hypotheses of “descent with modification,” natural selection, the “law of succession,” vestigial traits, and convergent evolution. What explains repeated independent evolution of traits?

Give one reason why ascorbic acid is important to human health

Re: Lab #3, explain how you were able to determine the amount of ascorbic acid that was present in your unknown solution. (Please be sure to include the equipment used and the procedure followed.)

Why is it important for a person to know how much Vitamin C is contained in their food?

1- All of the following are types of modifications that can result in an active, functional protein EXCEPT:

a. Covalent disulfide bonds between cysteine amino acids

b. Cleavage of proteins

c. Glycosylation

d. Addition of lipids to the N- or C-terminus

e. Amyloidosis

2- All of the following are reversible protein modifications EXCEPT:

a. Proteolysis

b. Phosphorylation

c. Acetylation

d. Methylation

e. Ubiquitination

3- How can protein-protein interactions regulate enzymes?

a. These interactions change the pH of the local environment, causing enzymes to be less efficient

b. These interactions change the conformation of the enzyme, which may inactivate the enzyme

c. These interactions change the enzyme’s amino acid sequence, which may enhance enzyme activity

d. These interactions prevent translation of the enzyme’s mRNA, leading to lower levels of the enzyme

e. These interactions send enzymes out of the cell, so that they can no longer catalyze cellular processes

1) How would you increase the genetic diversity of the island populations with a low F coefficient?

2) If you can increase the genetic diversity on the island, what would you think would happen with the F value and would this change be fast or slow, and why?