What effect will the following mutations have on intestinal epithelial transport? Consider all the players that are being transported (water, Na+, glucose, K+)
a.  a mutation that inhibits the Na+/K+ ATPase
b.  a mutation that blocks binding of the glucose to the glucose transporter on the basolateral membrane

Sodium-coupled transport is an important way of moving molecules in and out of the cell. Cardiac cells have a transporter for both Na+ and Ca+2; for every 3 Na+ that come into the cell, 1 Ca+2 is exported out of the cell. Ouabain is a drug that inhibits the Na/K pump. Explain what would happen to Na+, K+ and Ca+2 if ouabain was added to cardiac cells (for simplicity’s sake, consider that the only two transporters involved are the Na/K pump and the Na/Ca cotransporter).

1. Auxin, Jasmonic acid and Gibberellin have the same basic signalling pathway.
   1. Create a diagram of this generalized pathway that can be used to describe any of these hormones (this is another example of a useful study tool for the next midterm).
   2. Identify the proteins with functions similar to ARFs in jasmonate and gibberellin response.
   3. What is ubiquitin?
   4. What is the function of the proteasome and how does it know what protein to act on?

Draw one water molecule with 4 hydrogen bonds to 4 other water molecules. Indicating partial positive and partial negative charges.

what is the mechanism that allows the HIV virus to remain in the cell, to get passed down to all descendants of that cells and to retain the ability to be reactivated for the lifetime of the patient?

Assuming DNA polymerization by each polymerase in the DNA Pol III holoenzyme proceeds at a rate of 1000 nucleotides per second, how long would anormal E.coli cell take to replicate the entire E .coli chromosome? Under optimal condition, E.coli cells divide every 20minutes. How many replication forks will be present in each E.coli to sustain such a rate of division?

which antibiotic target could have the most toxicity associated with it?

a. 50 S ribosomal unit b. cell wall c. cell membrane

1. Name and draw two derivatives of amino acids beyond the 20 common amino
acids.

2. What effects the efficiency of enzymatic reaction(describe those)?

3. CJD and early-onset Alzheimer’s Disease was shown to be transmittable through the injection of HGH. What would that suggest about the brain-blood barrier?

Note: Please provide a professional 4th-year level with a clear explanation or LEAVE the question for someone else to answer!

Discuss in detail one potential benefit to industry, commerce, or society that is afforded through the implementation of aptamer technology.

How does an autoclave kill microbes so efficiently?

1. How are viral evolution and human evolution different? How are they the same?

• Know components of the ribosome and what they do

• What ultimately characterizes different cells from each other? What makes neurons different from immune cells vs. kidney cells, etc.?

Among 40 individuals, 4 are heterozygous for a particular locus with two alleles (A1 and A2), 16 are homozygous for allele A1, and 20 are homozygous for allele A2.

1. What is the frequency of allele A1?

2.What is chi-squared for your observed/expected genotypes?

3.Does the population depart significantly from Hardy-Weinberg expectations? (For 1 degree of freedom χ,> 3.84 is significant)