Many human disorders are caused by defects in genes; some doctors argue that we can transfer genes in order to correct this; some say that the transfer can cause uncontrolled outcomes causing more harm. What do you think and why?

Please answer #14-19, explain and clearly indicate which # you are answering. Thank you so much!

Q14-19 We crossed pure-bred female flies with yellow body and forked-shaped bristles with male flies extra bristles. The subsequent F1 flies showed all normal phenotypes except that all of the F1 males are yellow-body. We crossed again the normal F1 females with males homozygous for yellow body, extra bristles, and forked bristles as a testcross. The number of each category of F2 progeny is shown below. The mutant allele for yellow body is y; the mutant allele for extra bristles is e; and the mutant allele for forked-shaped bristles is f. The corresponding wild-type alleles for these mutant alleles are indicated with +.

P:         female with yellow body and forked bristles    x    male with extra bristles

F1:       normal female           x         male with yellow body, forked and extra bristles

Summary of F2 progeny

14. Which pair of genes is NOT independently assorted?

A. y and e

B. y and f

C. e and f

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

15. If there is no crossing-over, which categories would NOT be represented?

A. Cat 1 and 2

B. Cat 3 and 4

C. Cat 2 and 3

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

16. Which is the correct genotype for the female F1 based on the final mapping results?

A. [y/y+, e/e+, f/f+]

B. [y/y+, e, f/e+,f+]

C. [y/y+, e, f+/e+,f]

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

17. Which wild-type allele y+ was originated from the males of the P stage?

A. y+ allele in the males of Cat 3

B. y+ allele in the males of Cat 4

C. y+ allele in the males of Cat 5

D. y+ allele in the males of Cat 7

E. all of the above

18. Which is incorrect regarding the female F1?

A. This female is heterozygous for the three loci.

B. This female inherited the wild-type allele e+ from the female of the P stage

C. This female inherited the mutant allele e from the male of the P1 stage

D. This female inherited the wild-type allele f+ from the male of the P1 stage

E. This female inherited the mutant allele y from the male of the P1 stage

19. The passage describing the breeding results has not specified the sexes of F2. If we recalculate the observed number of each category based on the sex of individual F2 flies, the overall ratio among the 8 categories ________ be affected by the sex, because we have setup the testcross of female F1 with the male with the recessive ________ allele that is X-linked.

A. would, y

B. would not, y

C. would, e

D. would not, e

E. would , f

The Hb O2 binding curve provides an excellent example of the principle that living systems operate on the basis of weak non covalent interactions. Starting with the curve itself, explain how processes involving weak non covalent interactions within the structure of Hb are responsible for the sigmoid O2 binding curve.

7) A rare dominant genetic disorder has an allele frequency of 0.00002. It is estimated to reduce the fitness of affected individuals by 50%. Under mutation-selection balance affecting a dominant, the mutation rate is predicted to be about half the equilibrium allele frequency, or 0.00001. We’ll assume this is the case here.

A) What is the frequency of affected individuals? (You could calculate an exact answer, but try getting a simple approximation using the fact that homozygotes for the mutant allele would be exceptionally rare, and the frequency of the wild-type allele is very close to 1)

B) Suppose a medical treatment for the disorder was developed that, although extremely expensive, allowed affected individuals to live normal lives. If everyone who needed it received the treatment, there would no longer be any selection against the mutant allele. What would be the allele frequency after 10 generations in this case? (You need your calculator for an exact answer, but you are encouraged to try to come up with a good approximation first, using your intuition and pencil and paper. Then check it with a calculator).

C) What would be the predicted frequency of affected individuals after 10 generations? How would this compare to the original frequency?

D) In your opinion, would the answer to (C) make you pause before recommending that the treatment be made available to anyone who needs it, at government expense? Why or why not?

(The answer currently posted for this question is not correct)

1. In 1997, Medicare established its prospective payment system for nursing homes. A key component of this payment system is the facility's case mix. Please define what Medicare means by this concept, and how case mix is determined.

2. How is patient assessment used to determine Medicare case mix in a skilled nursing facility, who does this assessment, and what is the assessment called? What are the new parts of this Assessment, and what is the payment mechanism that is determined by the results of this assessment.

3. How will Medicare value-based purchasing impact payments to Medicare certified nursing homes in the future?

How do cells get transformed with the SV40 DNA virus.

What is role of extracts where antibodies are made in and the T antigen in this process.

1-In green plants and algae the red and blue wavelengths of light are predominantly used. Describe an experiment that can be used to test this. 100 marks

2-Describe either 1) peat bogs or 2) cloud forests and explain why they are important habitats for bryophytes. 100 marks

The electron transport chain has two diffusible electron carriers, ubiquinone, which shuttles electrons to the third mitochondrial complex, and cytochrome c, which shuttles electrons to the last mitochondrial complex (see figure below). Would it be possible for cells to use only one of these two diffusible electron carriers to shuttle electrons at each of these two steps of the electron transport chain? Why or why not?

What is an alternative to use of STRs in DNA fingerprinting, and why do we use STRs instead?

discuss the constitution that makes up whole blood

Explain why, in any DNA molecule, the % adenine = % thymine, and the %cytosine = % guanine.

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Q:1. A strain of living Streptococcus pneumoniae that cannot make a capsule is injected into mice and has no adverse effect. This strain is then mixed with a culture of heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae that when alive was able to make a capsule and kill mice. After a period of time, this mixture is injected into mice and kills them. In terms of horizontal gene transfer, describe what might account for this.

Q:2. A Gram-negative bacterium that was susceptible to most common antibiotics suddenly becomes resistant to several of them. It also appears to be spreading this resistance to others of its kind. Describe the mechanism that most likely accounts for this.