Mitochondria function questions

1. Why do you think there was no change in the O2 concentration when the pyruvate only solution was added?

2. Why do you think there was no change in the O2 concentration when the ADP only solution was added?

3. Why do you think there WAS a change in the O2 concentration when the Pyruvate and ADP together solution was added?

4. Why do you think there was no change in the O2 concentration when the Rotenone only solution was added?

5. Why do you think there was no change in the O2 concentration when the Pyruvate, ADP, and Rodenone together solution was added?

1. Which of the following statements about evolution and ecology is TRUE?

Evolutionary processes and ecological processes can occur on similar time scales.

Evolution by natural selection is generally not mediated by ecological phenomena (such as predation).

The evolution of a population will not affect how its members interact with individuals of other species.

Rapid evolution is possible only when a population's chemical environment changes quickly.

2. After common ragweed reached Japan a century ago and escaped their leaf beetle enemies, populations of the plants evolved reduced investment in defense and greater investment in growth. During the last 20 years or so, ragweed leaf beetles have appeared in some parts of mainland Japan. Which of the following scenarios is most likely now happening as a result?

Japanese ragweed is evolving back toward greater investment in defense and reduced investment in growth, as a result of selection by herbivory from beetles.

Japanese ragweed is not evolving a new investment strategy, because it takes more than a couple of decades for a population to evolve.

Japanese ragweed is not evolving a new investment strategy, because the beetles no longer eat the plants.

Japanese ragweed is evolving greater investment in defense and greater investment in growth because both defense and growth are beneficial.

3. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution can act on a single population at the same time?

Only natural selection and genetic drift can happen at the same time.

Genetic drift, migration, and mutation can happen at the same time, but not with natural selection.

Natural selection, genetic drift, migration, and mutation can all happen at the same time.

None of the above. Only one mechanism can act on a population at a time.

1.How are DNA microarrays used to diagnose disease?

2.How does gene therapy work?

3.What things have held back more extensive use of gene therapy (why doesn’t everyone with a genetic disease get treated with gene therapy?

3. What is an STR and what is useful for?

5. Homozygous black-colored (BB), wavy-haired (HH), with short coat (SS) female minks were mated with homozygous white-colored (bb), straight-haired (hh) and with long coat (ss) males. F1 females produced from the above cross were testcrossed with the white-colored, straight-haired, long-haired males:

Black, straight, long 42

White, wavy, short 38

Black, straight, short 7

Black, wavy, short 348

White, wavy, long 9

White, straight, long 356

Calculate the gene distance and construct the genetic map.
Question did not indicate if it was a 2 point or 3 point cross.

Sludy Guicde Questions:
1. Construct a lable comparing/citing the diflerences between oncogenes and TSG

Please use various visual cortical cell types and processes in providing brief sketches of how these neural phenomena come about. Speculate but be as specific as you can. A couple of sentences may be sufficient for each.

1) Depth Perception

2) The Completion Phenomenon

3) Color and Pattern Recognition

rRNAs and tRNAs undergo extension base modifications. For rRNAs, what types of modifications occur and how are they introduced?

Say you have a mixture of four proteins with the following properties:

Protein A: MW of 30 kDa, pI = 5.0, binds to nitrilotriacetic acid

Protein B: MW of 35 kDa, pI = 4.5, low solubility and will precipitate in 5% (w/v) (NH4)2SO4

Protein C: MW of 100 kDa, pI = 4.7

Protein D: MW of 30 kDa, pI = 7.4

(a) Using a flow chart, propose a purification strategy to purify and separate the proteins

(b) What technique(s) would you use to verify the success of each step of your purification?

why red bone marrow gets replaced with yellow bone marrow as we age ?

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a signalling pathway that acts as a homeostatic regulator of vascular function. Its systemic actions include the regulation of blood pressure, natriuresis, and blood volume control. ACE2 is a type 1 integral membrane glycoprotein, that is expressed and active in most tissues. The highest expression of ACE2 is observed in the kidney, the endothelium, the lungs, and in the heart. ACE2 is the angiotensin-converting enzyme II.

It has been reported that ACE2 is the main host cell receptor of 2019-nCoV. It plays a crucial role in the entry of the virus into the cell to cause the final infection.

One study (*) reports the ACE2 expressed on the mucosa of oral cavity. They analyzed RNA-seq profiling data of 13 organ types with para-carcinoma normal tissues from TCGA, 14 organ types with normal tissues from FANTOM5 CAGE, and single-cell transcriptomes from independent data. They concluded that the oral cavity could be a potentially high risk for 2019-nCoV infectious.

TCGA - The Cancer Genome Atlas

FANTOM5 CAGE - The Mammalian Genome Cap Analysis of Gene Expression

(*) Xu, H., Zhong, L., Deng, J. et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci 12, 8 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x

Question: How can you design a project to study a mechanism of RAS upregulation by 2019-nCoV?

Hint: You can choose one problem (for example, blood pressure). Why are patients with high blood pressure more susceptible to 2019-nCoV infection? How can you study the upregulation of the RAS pathway?

Directly from the book "World Prehistory and Archaeology" by Michael Chazan, What are megafauna? Compare and contrast the extinction of megafauna in North America with that in Australia.

(Select all correct answers; one or more than one answer may be correct.) In cases of renal failure, plasma (extracellular) concentrations of K⁺ may increase from normal levels of 4-5 mM to 10 to 12 mM. From what you know of the effects of increasing extracellular K⁺ on the membrane potential (E_K = RT/zF x ln[K_o/K_i) and the effects of membrane potential on the HCN channel (hint, remember what H stands for), you would expect the increased extracellular concentration of K⁺ to:

Group of answer choices:

decrease the rate of rise of the ramp potential for the pacemaker action potential.

decrease cardiac output.

hyperpolarize the membrane potential.

increase the rate of rise of the ramp potential for the pacemaker action potential.

decrease heart rate.

depolarize the resting membrane potential in the pacemaker cells.

Provide a definition of non–random mating, selection and genetic drift.

Describe at least one technique used to localize genes along the chromosomes

How can the expression of genes be monitored using a reporter gene?.

Describe both genetic and non-genetic mechanisms of sex determination.

Explain the difference between sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex-limited traits.

What is a molecular marker? How can molecular markers be used to build a genetic map?

Describe a typical DNA denaturation experiment: What is useful for?

1)List the B-cell developmental stages from pre-pro to immature B cells describing B-cell receptor (BCR or Ig) rearrangements occurring and/or key events occurring at each stage.

2)What is the role of Artemis in V(D)J recombination and why is it important?

3)During B-cell activation some activated B-cells undergo differentiation into antibody secreting plasma cells outside of the germinal center and therefore never go through the germinal center responses. Other activated B-cells will return to the follicle forming a germinal center and undergo processes that alter the antibody that will be produced.  Describe the germinal center responses. Why are these responses important (hint: what is different about the antibody produced)? Why are T cells important in germinal center responses?

explain how scientists were able to suggest a molecule associated with heredity using strains of pneumonia-causing bacteria. In your explanation include, one control experiment and at least one experiment as proof of such a hereditary molecule.