Which of the following are exocrine functions of the pancreas?

1) synthesis of hormone sensitive lipase

2) Secretion of insulin from beta islet cells

3) Synthesis of alkaline lipase

4) Synthesis of phospholipase A2

5) Synthesis of phospholipase D

6) Synthesis of trypsinogen

7) Synthesis and Release of salivary amylase

8) Synthesis and release of lingual acid lipase

Discuss the different levels of protein folding, giving example of particular folds. Discuss the difference between motifs and domains in folded proteins. Briefly discuss the difference between globular and fibrous protein structures.

Nondisjunction at meiosis II produces higher frequency of aneuploid gametes compared to meiosis I nondisjunction.

True or False?

Explain

1. What is the role of hemoglobin in CO₂ transport?
2. What is the role of bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) in hemoglobin’s oxygen affinity?
3. Describe the process of high-altitude adaptation
4. Fetal hemoglobin has low BPG affinity. What does this mean? Why is this relevant?

How many different explanations can you think of for the observation that the rate of mutation varies across the genome? How would you weigh up evidence for these different ideas to decide which ones have the most explanatory power?  

1. What four components are added to a transmitted light microscope to make it a DIC (differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy ) microscope?

2. How do you adjust the bias on a DIC (differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy ) microscope?

3. Although the images produced by a DIC (differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy )microscope appear to be three-dimensional, they do not actually give real 3D information. Explain why.

4. Why is it important that all glass and plastic-ware used on or with the DIC (differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy )microscope is strain-free?

5. What are the advantages of DIC (differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy ) microscopy over phase contrast microscopy?

6. What are the advantages of phase contrast microscopy over DIC (differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy ) microscopy?

1) Some bacterial pathogens are highly infectious via the respiratory route. Determining whether the pathogen can make an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide by the catalase method could be hazardous. How? Also include in your answer how the test is performed. (2 pts)

2) Kovac's reagent was used in the indole test. If isoamyl alcohol were not present in the Kovac's reagent, then describe what would be observed following testing of an indole-positive bacterium, and why? Also include in your answer the function of isoamyl alcohol in the test? (2 pts)

Distinguish between sex, recombination and mutation for generating variation for natural selection and evolution.

A fish with a 6 cm long tail and a fish with a 30 cm long tail are bred. All of the F1s have tails that are 18 cm. The F1s were interbred and out of 256 F2 offspring, 1 had a 6 cm tail and 1 had a 30 cm tail. All other F2s had tails that ranged in length from 6 to 30 cm in 3 cm intervals. Given these numbers, you suspect that in these fish, tail length is inherited via polygenic quantitative alleles.

A) How many gene pairs are involved in inheritance of tail length?

B) How many F2 individuals would you predict to have a 9 cm long tail?

Present a detailed analysis on what observations can be made of Crepidual fornicata and Artemia. For each create a large labeled diagram.

6. Distinguish between single step selection and cumulative selection. e.g how long would it take to find the correct sequence of polypeptide that was 100 amino acids long? What is about cumulative selection that makes it so much more efficient at finding the correct sequence? How does the program demonstrating cumulative selection differ from the real process of natural selection? You should be able to come up with at least three differences.

Please solve the riddle, how can a virus encode a protein larger than the size of its genome?

You should know about autoclaves, what they do

and how they are important in the Microbiology

world.

Draw the set of blood vessels that a red blood cell could use to get from the thorax to the palm of the hand. Now draw the veins that the same cell could use to return to the thorax. Which of the two drawing (arteries or veins) has more potential paths for the red blood cell to take? Why is this the case?