Contrast properties of an epithelial tissue with those of a mesenchymal tissue. How are cadherins related to the transition of epithelium to mesenchyme; How is this transition regulated or triggered?

Two genes, A/a and B/b, control fruit color in squash. The inheritance pattern for this trait fits one of the multiple gene types that we discussed in class. A homozygous plant with white fruit was crossed with a homozygous plant with yellow fruit. All the progeny had red fruit. When two F1 plants were crossed, the F2 consisted of 38 white, 27 yellow, and 89 red.

(a) (2 pts) Which type of gene interaction do we see here? Explain your reasoning.

(b) (2 pts) What is the expected ratio of white to yellow to red fruit in the F2?

(c) (3 pts) What were the genotypes of the P generation plants?

(d) (5 pts) Test your hypothesized gene interaction model with Chi-square analysis. Please include all the components of Chi-square analysis in your answer.

(Continues on the back…)

(e) (5 pts) The diagram explains how the two genes interact at the molecular level. Compounds X, Y, and Z determine fruit color depending on which of the two chemical reactions occur. Each gene produces an enzyme that is either active or inactive depending on its genotype.

When an enzyme is active, the reaction it catalyzes occurs; when it is inactive, the reaction is blocked. Write in the boxes the genotypes that would explain the inheritance pattern.

(2 pts) Please fill in the box with the according genotypes.

(3 pts) Interpret the pathway with your own words (e.x. how to read this pathway? how you get white, yellow and red colors from different genotypes by following this pathway graph? Circle out the epistatic genotype in your pathway)

1. How does gene expression initiate?

2. What are the key steps in gene expression?

1. hat is the immediate consequence after electrons pass through ion pump protein?

2. How is the proton concentration gradient created inside and outside of mitochondrial inner membrane?

3. ATP is produced due to the electron transport or due to the proton gradients.

4. How many ATP can be produced when every three hydrogen ions pass through ATP synthase?

what is the purpose of smears simple and negative staining? one purpose for all the 3 staining

In a population of damselfish, the gene responsible for color pattern produces three distinct phenotypes: solid blue (AA), blue and yellow striped (Aa), and solid yellow (aa). The (Aa) damselfish are more conspicuous and so are predated at a higher rate (SAa =0.6). suppose you counted 4400 solid blue,v2400 blue and yellow striped, and 3200 solid yellow damselfish on a particular coral reef

(a) calculate the initial frequencies of the 3 genotypes and the 2 alleles.

(b) what would the allele frequency for the recessive allele (a) be among the breeding adults after one generation (what is q₁)?

(c) if you counted 1000 baby damselfish from among the offspring of the adults in part (b), assuming they mate randomly, how many of them would be blue and yellow striped?

(d) if this form of selection continued for many generations, how would what your great-grandchildren observe in the future compare with what you might observe today?

Short Answer: Please answer in full sentences with proper grammar. Short Paragraph format. 2pts each. Total of 32pts.

1. Discuss mate selection (direct & indirect). What is reproductive potential? What is reproductive variance? How do they influence/relate to mate selection/sexual competition?

16. (short answer) Hypothesize what would happen if thyroid cells could not respond to TSH. Suppose a doctor did a blood draw. Would the levels of TSH be high or low? Thyroid hormone? TRH?

Please write an essay for the following information for the Cell fusion technique:

Purpose - Brief description (one to two sentences) of the purpose of this method (ie. what is the general purpose for this technique? When would it be used?)

Background – This section will include a description of the concepts and theories that are needed to understand this technique.

Method description – this section will include an overview of the steps involved in carrying out the technique. This does not need to be as detailed as you would expect to find in a publication, but rather should include more of an outline of the experimental flow.

Advantages/limitations of the technique – This section should include at least 1 advantage and 1 limitation of the technique compared to other techniques.

Please write an essay for the following information for the Freeze fracture technique (may use online sources):

Purpose - Brief description (one to two sentences) of the purpose of this method (ie. what is the general purpose for this technique? When would it be used?)

Background – This section will include a description of the concepts and theories that are needed to understand this technique.

Method description – this section will include an overview of the steps involved in carrying out the technique. This does not need to be as detailed as you would expect to find in a publication, but rather should include more of an outline of the experimental flow.

Advantages/limitations of the technique – This section should include at least 1 advantage and 1 limitation of the technique compared to other techniques.