1- A dihybrid cross was made between a true breeding maize cultivar with purple and smooth kernel and a true breeding cultivar with white and wrinkled kernel. The F1 kernels are all purple and smooth. The F₁ plants were then crossed with a true breeding cultivar with white and winkled kernels. The following data were obtained regarding phenotypes of kernels

F₂ generation:    110 Purple and smooth

                        90 Purple and wrinkled

                          95 White and smooth

                        105 White and wrinkled

Based on the comparison of your calculated Chi-square value and the Chi-square value in the table, does the inheritance of those genes in maize follow the law of independent assortment?

Group of answer choices

No

Yes

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2.

A dihybrid cross was made between a true breeding maize cultivar with purple and smooth kernel and a true breeding cultivar with white and wrinkled kernel. The F1 kernels are all purple and smooth. The F₁ plants were then crossed with a true breeding cultivar with white and winkled kernels. The following data were obtained regarding phenotypes of kernels

F₂ generation:    110 Purple and smooth

                        90 Purple and wrinkled

                          95 White and smooth

                        105 White and wrinkled

Perform a chi-square analysis to demonstrate if the inheritance pattern obeys the law of independent assortment. What will be the Chi-square value based on your calculation?

Group of answer choices

2.521

114.667

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3-

A dihybrid cross was made between a true breeding maize cultivar with purple and smooth kernel and a true breeding cultivar with white and wrinkled kernel. The F1 kernels are all purple and smooth. The F₁ plants were then crossed with a true breeding cultivar with white and winkled kernels. The following data were obtained regarding phenotypes of kernels

F₂ generation:    110 Purple and smooth

                        90 Purple and wrinkled

                          95 White and smooth

                        105 White and wrinkled

Suppose the inheritance of these genes follow the law of independent assortment.

What will be expected numbers of those phenotypes in the offspring?

Group of answer choices

225 Purple and smooth, 75 Purple and wrinkled, 75 White and smooth, 25 White and wrinkled

100 Purple and smooth, 100 Purple and wrinkled, 100 White and smooth,100 White and wrinkled

110 Purple and smooth, 90 Purple and wrinkled, 95 White and smooth,105 White and wrinkled

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4-

A dihybrid cross was made between a true breeding maize cultivar with purple and smooth kernel and a true breeding cultivar with white and wrinkled kernel. The F1 kernels are all purple and smooth. The F₁ plants were then crossed with a true breeding cultivar with white and winkled kernels. The following data were obtained regarding phenotypes of kernels

F₂ generation:    110 Purple and smooth

                        90 Purple and wrinkled

                          95 White and smooth

                        105 White and wrinkled

Suppose the inheritance of these genes follow the law of independent assortment.

What will be ratio of those phenotypes: Purple and smooth: Purple and wrinkled: White and smooth: White and wrinkled?

Group of answer choices

9:3:3: 1

2: 1: 0.9: 1

1:1:1:1

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5-

Chloroplasts are transmitted only through the cytoplasm of the egg in plants. In four o’clock flower plants, green phenotype is due to the synthesis of chlorophyll by normal chloroplasts, whereas, white phenotype is due to chloroplast’s that carry mutant allele that diminishes green pigmentation. What would be the phenotypes of the offspring if you cross a variegated plant (as female parent) with a green plant (as male parent)?

Group of answer choices

Green, white, and variegated

Green

White

Variegated

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6-

How may Barr bodies would you expect to find in humans with the compositions of sex chromosomes XXX?

Group of answer choices

0

2

1

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7-

On rare occasions, an abnormal human male is born who is somewhat feminized compared with normal males. Microscopic examination of the cell of one such individual revealed that he has a single Barr body in each cell. What is the chromosomal composition of this individual?

Group of answer choices

XYY

XX

XXY

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8-

If a cross produced 100 offspring and the rate of mitochondrial paternal leakage was 3%, how many offspring would be expected to contain paternal mitochondria?

Group of answer choices

10

5

3

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9-

For non-Mendelian inheritance patterns, it is often not enough to know the combination of alleles on chromosomes in the nucleus to predict the offspring's phenotype. What do you need to know to predict the outcome of Dwarfism in mice due to a mutant IGF2 allele?

Group of answer choices

The genotypes of mother

The genotype of father

The genotypes of the offspring

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10-

41. Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fiber (MERRF) is an extremely rare disorder that affects neuromuscular systems. MERRF results from a mutation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that impairs protein synthesis, oxygen consumption, and energy production. When a normal male and an affected female reproduce, which of the following best predicts the expected phenotypic ratios of the offspring?

Group of answer choices

All offspring will be affected

One-fourth of the offspring will be affected

None of the offspring will be affected

What is osmoregulation and why don't plants need sodium-potassium pump to regulate cell osmolarity?

1. The three main types of cell surface receptors are ion-channel-coupled receptors, G-protein-coupled receptors, and enzyme-couple receptors. They are all capable of binding extracellular signaling molecules but differ in how they relay that signal across the membrane. How does each type of surface receptor relay signal?

Two terrestrial ecosystems based on photosynthesis and chemolithosynthesis (hydrothermal vents) trap their energy from specific energy sources. Tidal squeezing has also been suggested. The type of energy sources define the character of the ecosystems observed.

1.What other energy source can you identify that might drive other kinds of ecosystems elsewhere in the universe? Speculate on the type of organisms that might evolve based on that energy source.

2.What would be the characteristics of the primary producers (the organisms that trap the energy)?

3.How can the energy be transferred to the rest of the food chain? What would a planet, where such organisms evolved, be like?

DO NOT use the energy capturing mechanisms listed above. Use an energy source and capture mechanism that is plausible and within the laws of physics.

Question 15 - Cystic fibrosis is transmitted as a(n):

Which of these is true about secondary contact?

A. Hybrids are always infertile.

B. Hybridization can result in new species.

C. Hybrids typically resemble neither parent species.

D. Reinforcement can decrease differences between parent species.

Brown headed cowbirds lay their eggs in other birds’ nests, a behavior called nest parasitism. When this strategy succeeds, the host birds accept the cowbird egg as one of their own and rear the cowbird chick. When it fails, the host birds reject the cowbird egg as an imposter and remove it from the nest. Why do any host species accept cowbird eggs in their nests? This seems maladaptive since they are expending energy that should go toward raising their own offspring on cowbird chicks. Biologists have proposed two hypotheses: first that the parasitized species have not yet evolved the behavioral response of egg ejection yet, but eventually will. The second hypothesis is that the host birds are physically constrained since their beaks are too small to remove the large cowbird eggs from their nests.

Propose an experiment to determine which of these two hypotheses is correct.

Describe telomeres and how they contribute to genome stability in human cells. Discuss their roles in the maintenance of the genetic information.

Essay include diagrams

Using one repair pathway as an example provide a detailed description of the mechanism of excision repair, and explain the importance of excision repair in maintaining genome stability. Essay style please include diagrams

. Discuss how a blockage in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway can lead to an alternative, autophagy-mediated death programme, during cell stress. essay style include diagrams.

Evaluate the roles that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play in epigenetic processes such as imprinting and X chromosome inactivation. Essay style

L. Scott Mills and his colleagues examined the seasonal coat color change in snowshoe hares. Snowshoe hares are typically brown in the summer and white in the winter. They argue that a mismatch between coat color and the environment can be a big problem for these important prey animals. Answer each question in 2-6 sentences (not only “Yes” or “No” - provide examples/arguments supporting your response). Always write in your own words

1. Will snowshoe hares be able to alter their seasonal coat color change if the climate changes? What drives local adaptations? Speculate about two alternative trajectories.