Sexual dimorphism occurs when males are distinctly different from females in traits other than reproductive organs. In many species, there is no dimorphism and males resemble females in most traits. If the two sexes appear phenotypically identical, in a short essay (100-150 words), explain what you might conclude (at least tentatively) about their reproductive behaviors.

Description of biochemical tests for gram positive cocci chart

micrococcus luteus

micrococcus roseus

staphlyococcus aureus

staphlyococcus epidermidis

streptococcus faecalis

streptococcus thermophilus

streptococcus pneumoniae

1. Explain three important embryonic components that result from gastrulation, including why they are important in bilaterian animals.

2. Describe the basic difference between protostomes and deuterostomes. In which group would humans belong? In which group would you expect to see identical twins, and why?

3.Explain why the notochord is especially important during the embryonic development of chordates.

4.Molecular evidence suggests that hagfish and lamprey should form sister taxa. Explain why many phylogenies suggest that lamprey branched off after hagfish, and would thus be more closely related to jawed vertebrates.

5.Explain why it may have been important for hagfish to have lost their backbone.

6.Explain why the life cycle of lamprey is said to be anadromous. In which part of their life cycle are they parasites?

Human fragile sites are associated with _____.

To achieve proper cell and tissue growth, a tissue-engineered product must accommodate blood flow similar to that of the native tissue. Without blood flow to deliver oxygen, glucose, and other essential nutrients while removing waste materials, the size of the implant is limited. A company develops a porous bone graft which permits glucose to flow into the interior. A 50 g/min buffer solution containing 5 mg/mL of glucose flows into the bone graft.

Solve in MatLab and MathCAD

(a) What is the expected total mass flow rate and mass flow rate of glucose out of the system?

(b) Determine the total mass of glucose to flow through the bone graft in a 24 hour period.

(c) Laboratory results show the total outlet mass flow rate is 50 g/min. The outlet glucose mass flow rate is 225 mg/min. Make conjectures about what has happened in this experiment.

Acetylcholinesterase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine: Acetylcholine + H2O  acetate + choline The Km of acetylcholinesterase for its substrate acetylcholine is 9.5x10-5M. In a reaction mixture containing 5 nanomoles/mL of acetylcholinesterase and 150μM acetylcholine, a velocity vo=40μmol/mLsec was observed for the acetylcholinesterase reaction.

a. Calculate Vmax for this amount of enzyme

b. Calculate kcat for acetylcholinesterase

c. Calculate the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for acetylcholinesterase

d. Does acetylcholinesterase approach catalytic perfection?

e. What determines the ultimate speed limit of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction? That is, what is it that imposes the physical limit on catalytic perfection?

1. Examine the DNA sequence shown below. How many possible reading frames does this piece of DNA have? Explain where they are. Which one can be used and how do you know?

5'-AGTCGA TCGAACGGTCA TCG-3' 3'-TCAGCTAGCTTGCCAGTAGC-5'

2. What feature of eukaryotes makes annotation more difficult?

3. Describe the process whereby DNA is transferred from Agrobacterium to plants.

It can be argued that almost all diseases have, at their root, a cellular basis. This means we can typically trace every genetic or acquired condition to a problem in a specific type of cell. Is it possible, however, that these diseases/conditions/traits can actually be traced as far as the organelle level? Explore this possibility.

Considerable effort has been directed toward determining the genes in which sequence variation contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes, a disease that results from a loss of sensitivity of cells to insulin. Approximately 800 genes have been implicated. Explain the significance of the observation.

DCMU is marketed as an algicide and an herbicide. It works by blocking the binding site for plastoquinone on photosystem II.

1. If DCMU blocks plastoquinone from binding to photosystem II then in what state (oxidized or reduced) will the chlorophyll a of photosystem II be stuck? Why?
2. Based on your answer above, in what state would plastoquinone be stuck? Why?
3. Considering where DCMU binds, would plants in nature exposed to DCMU be able to produce

ATP and NADPH through the light reactions? Why or why not?

4. If plants exposed to DCMU cannot produce ATP and NADPH through the light reactions, how

would this affect the light-independent reactions?

5. DCMU, as an herbicide, will eventually kill plants that are exposed to it. Why is this the case? In

answering this, relate DCMU to photosynthesis and both DCMU and photosynthesis to cellular respiration.

2. The hydrolysis of ATP is the cell’s most commonly used exergonic reaction when performing energy coupling. Explain energy coupling, why it is necessary, and how the hydrolysis of ATP fits into the process. Use vocabulary words such as “endergonic,” “exergonic,” “spontaneous,” and “nonspontaneous.” (8 points)

4. Prokaryotic organisms do not have membrane-bound organelles. However, they are able to make ATP and survive.

   1. Assuming that bacteria cannot use their membranes to make ATP, which process can they still use in order to generate ATP? (2 points)

   2. Why can they perform this process even though they lack membrane-bound organelles?

      (2 points)

. 1. Explain Hamilton’s Rule in words.

2. Relate indirect fitness and kin selection to the alarm callings of black tailed prairie dogs.

4. Does kin selection explain how humans distribute wealth? (You don’t have to write about this, but what about something like the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation? Think about how you’d explain that.)