Question

Discuss in detail (not just enumerate) at least three factors that contribute to the current worldwide expansion of vector-transmitted diseases.

Explain in some detail (not just enumerate) at least FOUR factors that contribute to healthcare-associated infections and four strategies to reduce their incidence.

Answer 1

D1) Emerging insecticide resistance in pesticides is one of the major factor affecting the vector-based disease spread all over the world. The insects are becoming resistant to current pesticides in use. It is due to natural selection among the pests which favours the pests with pesticide resistance. The vector-based diseases like malaria dengue are globally spread of disease, as mosquitoes got resistance against vector control methods.

Climate changes: Climate changes causes unpredictable effects on expansion of vector born diseases like Zika virus, dengue fever, malaria, and Lyme disease by altering the development of vectors and dynamics in their population. Climate changes like increasing global temperatures increased rainfall, flooding causes the vectors to spread to new regions as a result of prolonged seasons.

Urbanisation: The population growth speeding up the urbanisation. But due to densely packed population, poverty, and sanitary problems creating a favourable atmosphere for vector population to increase. Vector-based diseases like malaria, lymphatic filariasis and dengue are the major concern in public health in tropical countries.

2) The well known healthcare infections are bloodstream infections, catheter-associated urinary tract infections, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Some infections also contributed during the time of surgeries.

Poor hygiene and waste disposal: In hospitals, the surgical instruments and other equipment which are not properly sterilised, or the waste is not properly disposed of then that causes the favourable atmosphere for infection spread during the health care.

understaffing: Due to the lack of sufficient people to treat than the maltreatment and improper sanitary conditions will results which favours the infection spread during health care.

Lack of basic infection control knowledge and implementation: Due to lack of proper training, and unawareness the methods in treatment and diagnostics may change and results in the spread of infections.

unsafe procedures

unsafe procedures for treating a patient may cause the possibility of infection spread, the unsafe procedures like improper sterilisation methods and poor disposal of medical kits etc are responsible for the infection in hospitals.