Question 110 pts

All life on earth shares a common genetic history.

Group of answer choices

True

False

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Question 210 pts

__________ is the movement of gene sets in and out of a population due to death, immigration, emigration, etc. smoothing out the variations in characteristics over time.

Group of answer choices

Gene Flow

Protein Flow

Lipid Flow

Gene Growth

Gene Transfer

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Question 310 pts

By selecting for or against certain Genes (or traits), natural forces shape evolution at the population level for a species.

Group of answer choices

True

False

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Question 410 pts

The Bottleneck Effect occurs when ___________.

Group of answer choices

large groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves

many members of a population die, resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity

small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves

many members of a population reproduce causing too much genetic diversity within the population

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Question 510 pts

Which one of the following would a Biologist describe as Microevolution?

Group of answer choices

dramatic biological changes, such as the origin of wings on a bird which leads to a new novel characteristic and true flight

a change in the gene pool of a population from one generation to the next but no new species are formed

the extinction of species

the formation of new species

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Question 610 pts

____________ is the change in large characteristics of a group of organisms leading to novel traits, new species, and unique new groups of organisms.  

Group of answer choices

Microevolution

Macroevolution

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Question 710 pts

Blue-footed booby birds have blue, webbed feet and are comically clumsy when they walk on land. Evolutionary scientists view these feet as

Group of answer choices

a curiosity that has little to teach us regarding evolution.

an example of a trait that has not evolved.

an example of a trait that is poorly adapted.

the outcome of a trade-off: Webbed feet perform poorly on land, but are very helpful in diving for food.

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Question 810 pts

An elk herd is observed over many generations. Most of the full-grown bull elk have antlers of nearly the same size, although a few have antlers that are significantly larger or smaller than this average size. The average antler size remains constant over the generations. Which of the following effects probably accounts for this situation?

Group of answer choices

Diversifying Selection

Stabilizing Selection

Directional Selection

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Question 910 pts

The mode of Natural Selection in which one extreme phenotype is fittest and the environment selects against the others is called ________.

Group of answer choices

Directional Selection

Diversifying Selection

Concert Ticket Selection at Ticketmaster

Stabilizing Selection

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Question 1010 pts

A female peacock choosing the most colorful male peacock would be a good example of _______ Selection.

Group of answer choices

Homosexual

Intrasexual

Heterosexual

Bisexual

Intersexual

1. a.) how long would it take in minutes to replicate the E. coli chromosome if it used unidirectional rather than bidirectional replication? Explain how you calculated this answer.

b.) not accounting for individual chromosomes and telomeres, i.e., use genome size, polyerization rate, and number of origins, how long should it take in hours to replicate the diploid human genome? Explain how you calculated this answer. why is this calculated time less than the observed time?

Question 110 pts

Which One (1) of the following traits is not a trait which all vertebrate animals possess or share?

Group of answer choices

Dorsal, Nerve Chord

Four Pentadactyl (five-fingered) appendages or limbs (4 legs or 2 arms and 2 legs)

Post-anal tail

Notochord or internal support rod

Gill Pouches

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Question 210 pts

___________ is the comparative study of the similarities and differences between similar structures of related organisms.

Group of answer choices

Molecular Biology

Genetics

Comparative Embryology

Comparative Anatomy

Biogeography

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Question 310 pts

Which one of the following statements about Adaptation is true?

Group of answer choices

Adaptation is possible when all the alleles in a gene pool are the same.

An individual that has learned how to survive cold winters has become adapted to the cold.

A population that has an increase in frequency of alleles for thicker fur has become adapted to the cold.

Adaptation results when cold temperatures cause mutations for longer fur.

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Question 410 pts

Farmers and horticulturalists have bred broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through ___________.

Group of answer choices

Genetic Drift

Natural Selection

Artificial Selection

Evolution

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Question 510 pts

A Petrified Fossil occurs when __________.

Group of answer choices

the imprint of an animal fills with mud, that later hardens to rock

a leaf sinks into water and fine sediment covers the leaf and compresses

a whole organism is trapped in a plant resin

minerals replace the organic material left by a decaying organism

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Question 610 pts

Structures that evolved from the same structure in a common ancestor are

Group of answer choices

Analogous Structures.

Homologous Structures.

Convergent Adaptations.

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Question 710 pts

Which set of islands did Darwin visit which influenced his beliefs concerning the Theory of Evolution?

Group of answer choices

Canary Islands

Carribean Islands

Hawaiian Islands

Galapagos Islands

Phillipine Islands

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Question 810 pts

Living species have arisen from earlier life forms.

Group of answer choices

True

False

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Question 910 pts

"Descent with Modification" occurs through the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics.

Group of answer choices

True

False

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Question 1010 pts

_________ is the comparative study of the early stages of life (when an organism is still developing) among different organisms.

Group of answer choices

Biogeography

Comparative Anatomy

Comparative Embryology

Molecular Biology

Genetics

In some horse populations, blindness can be a common trait. Let’s assume this trait is controlled by one gene, where dominant allele B produces a normal sighted horse and recessive allele b leads to blindness in homozygosity. A wild horse researcher determines that the frequency of blind horses in a specific population of wild horses in Nevada is 0.04.

Which of the following scenarios would make the wild horse population of Nevada no longer in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the blindness trait?

Group of answer choices

a) Public land managers bring in 100 new horses all with normal vision from other wild populations each year

b) All of these scenarios would bring the population out of equilibrium

c) There is no preferred mating between normal vision and blind horses in the population

d) The population is able to thrive in their environment and stays very large

F1 plants that are medium in height are produced by crossing tall with short parents. When the F1 plants are self-fertilized, the F2 offspring consist of different heights ranging from short to tall with most plants having some intermediate height.

Now you want to further study the genetics of this trait and, for that, you grow the F2 offspring in a field location in the summer of 2019 (all in the same field which is subject to similar conditions and management practices including fertilizer application, irrigation, etc.). You then measure the variation observed for plant height. Under this scenario, what would you expect to be causing most of the variation you are seeing in plant heights?

a) Incomplete Dominance

b) Linkage

c) Genetic differences between plants

d) Environmental effects

How did tumor heterogeneity develop and its importance for basic cancer research? The importance of TH for clinical oncology? Explain.

Epidemiologists study the occurrence and transmieeion of human diseases on a global scale. this is no easy task since pathogens, or disease-causing organisms are everywhere. it is virtually impossible to avoid coming into contact with a potentially pathogenic microorganism in the modern world.
INFLAMMATION: PLEASE provide background about a disease-causing microbe. is it a virus, bacterium, etc.? what are the symptoms of the disease.
Describe the impact of this microbe on human health. why would this disease be of concern to epidemiologists? what is the prevalence of the disease in the human population?
describe any treatments available for the disease. include vaccinations and chemotherapeutic treatment options.
in your option, would the innate immune system or the adaptive immune system be more effective at fighting off this infection?
this must be written 800 to a 1000 words.

thank you

Two-part question about animals:

1a. Why do smaller animals typically have a simple respiratory system, while larger animals require more complex respiratory structures like gills or lungs?

1b. Many immune system functions in animals are completed by individual cells that can travel throughout the body, instead of remaining stationary within specialized organs. Why is this important for the immune system to function well?

Based on your understanding of sea urchin and fruit fly gastrulation, would you expect the ventral furrowing of the fruit fly to require an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition? Why or why not?

A businessman in Iowa returned from a trip to Japan and a few other countries a few months previously. He had a very sore throat. He had been treated with beta-lactam drugs but was not cured. The man reported that he had unprotected sex including oral while overseas. The gram stain of his throat showed a gram-negative coccus. He was treated with a newer generation beta-lactam drug and still did not cure the pharyngitis. He also showed signs of an infection of the genitourinary tract with purulent discharge from the penile region.   Samples were taken to grow a potential bacterium from both regions of his body.

Questions

1. What is the most likely pathogen causing this pharyngitis? What was the source of transmission? Name two other organisms that cause pharyngitis.

2. Discuss in detail the properties of the microbe? Does it have methods of immune evasion?

3. Discuss in detail the pathogenesis of the disease from initial exposure to final outcome.   What are the complications?

It is a very dry year in New Mexico. Described two adaptations and two acclimatization's that plants have for dealing with drought (4 points).

Adaptation 1:

Adaptation 2:

Acclimatization 1:

Acclimatization 2:

Explain the two-fold cost of stomatal closure for water conservation during drought (2 points).

18) In your own words, explain the difference between the fundamental niche and the realized niche (2 points). Provide an example (can be real or hypothetical, can be plant or animal) of when the fundamental and realized niches of a species would differ. (2 points)

You need to construct a dichotomous key for the following taxa from the protists (below). Make sure that you follow the rules for the construction of dichotomous keys.

Ulva,

Volvox,

Spirogyra,

Red algae,

Plasmodial slime mold,

Dinoflagellates,

Stentor,

Plasmodium,

Trypanosoma,

diatoms,

Radiolaria,

Euglena

Brown algae