Question

1. An inflammatory response is vital to eliminating an infectious agent. Fully describe inflammation, addressing each of the following in the description.
   1. Complete description of the inflammatory response (be specific)
   2. Methods (more than one) of the initiation of inflammation
   3. At least 3 aspects of the immune response that are enhanced by inflammation and how they are enhanced

Answer 1

A)Inflammatory response is triggered when a cell has been injured by a pathogen ,foreign body etc.

●most common type of inflammation is Catarrhal inflammation with the involvement of mucus membrane.

●Inflammation can be acute and chronic depending on the time of onset and how much time it has been persisting .

●Scientist Celsus gave the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation which are Rubor(redness),Calor(heat generated),Dolor (pain),Tumor (swelling) .Scientist Virchow added one more to it i .e Loss of function .So these are the 5 cardinal signs that are seen at the time of Inflammation .

◆◆◆◆◆ THE VASCULAR CHANGES ---

1.Vasoconstriction -1st and earliest change in acute inflammation .

2.Vasodilation and increased blood flow .

3.Increase in vascular permeability .

Now we study the vascular changes under 2 sub heading - 1.Intravascular cellular changes

2.Extravascular cellular changes

Intravascular changes include the margination of the WBC in blood to the vessel wall ,followed by their Rolling(loose adhesion-selectin mediated ) then integrin mediated firm adhesion.After this Transmigration or Diapedesis of the WBC occurs in which the WBC moves out of the vessles wall into the extravascular space .

Now extracellular changes involve the chemotactic movement of WBC to the site of infection ,leukocyte activation and engulfment of the pathogenic agent .Opsonisation by antibodies can make bacteria tastier for the WBC to readily phagocytose .●C reactive peptide is also produced from Liver as a reaction to Inflammatory response .

Killing of bacteria can also occur either by an oxygen dependent killing(free radical injury mediated ) or oxygen independent killing by Lysozymes,cathelicidin ,lactoferrin like chemicals

B)IInflammation is initiated by the help of mediators .These mediators can be ◆ cellular or ◆plasma derived .

Cellular mediators further can be either °Preformed -Histamine ,serotonin

°freshly formed -nitric oxide ,cytokinesis ,Arachidonic acid metabolites

~PLASMA derived mediators include the kinin system ,coagulation system and the Complement system .

C) Inflammation enhances the following aspects-

◆More blood supply to that area ,as a result of which our mediators and immune cells can reach that area .

◆Increase in temperature of the body (local as well as central )- Pyrexia is a response to kill the pathogenic stimuli at higher temperature .

◆To limit the destructive damage being caused and prevent acute inflammation to turn into a chronic condition of diseased state .