PLEASE ANSWER ALL, THANK YOU!

1. How does a neutralizing antibody that recognizes a viral coat protein prevent infection by the associated virus?

2.Why would treatment of a bacterial infection sometimes require multiple antibiotics?

3. Explain the difference between bacteria that cause disease, in comparison to commensals. Explain how a commensal can in some cases, cause disease.

4. What are some reasons why some diseases spread quickly through a population while others take a long time?

31. An example of vertical gene transfer of antibiotic resistance is the

a. development of vancomycin resistance via the acquisition of an Enterococcus resistance gene

b. uptake of beta-lactamase genes by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

c. development of antibiotic resistance via ribosomal mutation.

d. transduction of an antibiotic resistance cassette from one strain of MRSA to another.

e. transfer of conjugative plasmids carrying resistances genes from one strain to another.

19a. (2pts) The Inuit people of Greenland spend most of their day in freezing cold temperatures. Why would these people express an “uncoupler” protein? __________________________________

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19b. (2pts) Compared to you, do the Inuit people make MORE or LESS ATP for each glucose molecule that they process? _________________________________________________________

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What is the most important transport protein in a plant?

What specific cell types is predominant in early (Spring) wood?

6.) The Layer of cells that creates root branches is called?..

The structure in question 6 is adjacent to what structure that separates the vascular cylinder from the cortex?

thank you so much

reflex arc and reflexes assessment b. holes human

A complementary medicine company is interested in determining if herbal extracts can improve the efficiency of antibiotics at low concentrations. Design an experiment to determine if Echinacea diluted 1:100 can increase the effectiveness of ampicillin against E. coli when tested at 10% of the minimum inhibitory concentration of ampicillin.

Avoparcin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, was widely used in animal feed in Denmark. Vancomycin is another glycopeptide. In 1995, the percent of vancomycin-resistance Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) isolated from pigs was 100. The use of avoparcin was banned in Denmark in 1995. In 2002, Danish scientists reported that 20% of their E. faecalis isolates was vancomycin resistant. Explain why the percent of VRE decreased and why VRE in pigs is important to humans.

How could operon fusions and gene fusions be used to determine the level of transcription and translation of a particular gene?

1. In a tube of Thioglycollate broth, _ would grow at the very top portion of the tube while ___ would grow throughout the tube.

B. Obligate anaerobes, obligate aerobes

C. Microaerophiles, facultative anaerobes

D. Obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobes

2. Which of the following does acheive sterilization?

A. freezing

B. boiling

C, ethylene oxide

D. none of the above

3. All of the following are modes of action of antiviral drugs except __

A. inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis

b. inhibition of DNA or RNA synthesis

C. inhibition of fusion

d. inhibition of uncoating

4. The beta-lactams affect the crosslinking between NAM subunits. How are we able to use these drugs against bacteria and not do significant harm to our own cells?

a. Human cells use 80S ribosomes, while bacteria use 70S ribosomes.

b. Human cells do not possess peptidoglycan.

c. Human cells have different cell membranes than bacteria.

5. Tamiflu works against the influenza virus by blocking the action of neuraminidase, thereby blocking ____ of the virus.

A. attachment

b. biosynthesis

c. release

6. Mary is put on antibiotic treatment for an infection. After a week, she develops thrush, a yeast infection on the tongue. This represents which of the following?

A. synergism

b. superinfection

c. double whammy syndrome

7.  Which letter represents the phase of the growth curve where the maximum population density is the greatest? Choose the answer that has BOTH the letter and the description correct.

1 A: lag phase

3. C: stationary phase

4. B. stationary phase

Describe similarities and/or differences between the phases and outcomes of mitosis and meiosis.

a. Mitosis vs. meiosis

b.Chromosome number in all stages

Giving examples, discuss how dentition varies between orders of mammals. Include in your answer a description of how teeth have become specialised to cope with insectivorous, carnivorous and herbivorous diets (400 words no plagiarism)