Question

Compare and contrast the activities of AMP-activated protein kinase and cAMP dependent protein kinase. To answer this question, address each of the points given here, labeling each point with what you are addressing.

Describe the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes (2 pts)

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What are the allosteric activators and inhibitors of these enzymes. Explain why do these allosteric regulators make sense?   (3 pts)
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What are the hormones that lead to stimulation and inhibition of these enzymes and relate to the overall functions of these hormones in the body.   (Remember the assigned reading including text and papers).
(3 pts)
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What are the biochemical targets and effects of these two enzymes in heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose? Include detail including overall functions and the metabolic pathways affected. Details required.
(3 pts)
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What are the general functions of cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) and AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK). (2 pts)
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You needed to find reference sources outside of the notes and text to answer these questions completely. Include your references. References should be cited in a manner that the instructor would be able to access and read them online. So you want to give the reference and the best if the online pdf link of the paper is included along with the citation.

Answer 1

	cAMP dependent protein kinases	AMP activated protein kinase
Reactions catalyzed	(1)Phosphorylation:-Transfer of ATP terminal phosphate to protein substrates at serine or tgreonine residue. (2)Protein synthesis:-This enzyme first activates CREB which binds the cAMP response element,altering the transcription and therefore the synthesis of the protein.	When this enzyme phosphorylates acetyl Co A carboxylase or sterol regulatory element binding protein,it inhibits synthesis of fatty acids,cholesterol and triglycerides and activate fatty acid uptake and beta oxidation.
Allosteric activators and inhibitors	As cytosolic cAMP increases it binds to the enzyme regulator subunit and activates it. The downregulation of enzyme occurs by a feedback mechanism and uses a number of cAMP hydrolyzing phosphodiesterase enzymes,which belong to substrates activated by enzyme which convert cAMP to AMP reducing amount of cAMP that can activate the enzyme.	If residue T172 of this enzyme's alpha subunit is phosphorylated is activated,access to that residue by phosphatases is blocked if AMP or ADP block the access for ATP.
Hormones	Insulin decreses the level of phosphorylation. Acetylcholine is also an inhibitor of enzyme. Vasopressin,Epinephrin,Nor-epinephrin,Glucagon are the stimulators of the enzyme.	Thyroid and leptin hormone are stimulators.
Biochemical targets and effects	Enzyme targets adipocytes in order to stimulate lipolysis. Targets skeletal muscles and inhibit glycogenesis and enhances glycolysis. Contributes to vasodilation in smooth muscles. In liver produce glucose,inhibits glycogenesis,inhibits glycolysis. Sequester calcium in sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscles.	In heart it increases glucose uptake,glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation. In liver it increase fatty acid oxidation. In adipocytes decrease triglyceride synthesis and fatty acid synthesis. In skeletal muscles inhibits fatty acid synthesis.