The human body has several defense mechanisms. “Innate immunity” which is the routine protection
present at birth. This immune system has three general components (first-line defenses, sensor
systems, and innate effectors actions). In addition to the innate defenses, the human body has evolved
a more specialized defense system of “adaptive immunity”. This immune system develops throughout
life as a result of exposure to microbes or certain other types of foreign material, and substantially
increases the host’s ability to defend itself.
White blood cells (or leukocytes) are a major component for both “innate and adaptive immunity”. All
blood cells, including red blood cells and platelets, are originated from the same cell type called
a)_____________ found in the bone marrow, which is induced to develop into the various types of
blood cells by a group of proteins called b)_______________________.
A variety of types of white bloods cells serve specific roles in the innate and adaptive immune system.
There are three major types of white blood cells based on their roles in the innate and adaptive
immunity, such as i) granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), ii) mononuclear phagocytes
(monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells), and iii) lymphocytes (B cell and T cell, natural killer cells).
1. What is in the blank a)?
2. What is in the blank b)?
3. “This” is one of innate effector actions and must be activated to function such as opsonization, lysis
of foreign cells, and inflammatory response. What is this?
4. Fever is one of the innate effector actions and may reduce the availability of iron. If it is true, “why”
is the iron availability important in body defenses?
5. Adaptive immunity has two strategies as humoral immunity (associated with B lymphocyte or B cell)
and cell-mediated immunity (associated with T lymphocyte or T cell), which is tightly regulated by
an in-active form (naïve) and an active form. “Why” the adaptive immunity is strictly regulated?
6. B cell receptor binds antigens (i.e., B cell activation) and the activated B cell produces B cell
effector molecules; T cell receptor binds antigens (i.e., T cell activation) and the activated T cell
produces T cell effector molecules.
a. What are the B cell effector molecules? List two.
b. What are the T cell effector molecules? List two.

Which of the following steps of cellular respiration take place in the inner membrane of mitochondria?

Select one or more:

a. glycolysis

b. citric acid cycle

c. electron transport

d. Calvin Cycle

Glucose and O₂ are reactants of:

Select one or more:

a. neither photosynthesis or cellular respiration

b. photosynthesis

c. cellular respiration

d. both photosynthesis and cellular respiration

• electron transport

• mitochondria

• Photosystems

• photons

• chloroplast

• chlorophyll

• aerobic

• lactic acid

• fermentation

• NADH

Gluconeogenesis is favored when citrate levels are __________, when AMP levels are __________, and when ATP levels are __________.

Select one:

a. low; low; high

b. high; low; high

c. low; high; low

d. high; high; low

It has been said that biodiversity (or the loss of biodiversity, i.e. the loss of a species to extinction) is the most important issue that humans face. The argument goes something like this: we can change our population growth rates (if we want to)...we can fix acid rain, even global climate change, we can stop dumping wastes into rivers...but when we lose a species to extinction..... it is forever (there is no getting the species back).

Since we are reading (now and in the days ahead) about ecology, biodiversity and endangered species let's consider the following: if you are watching the news it seems like everyone is focused on politics, the economy, health care, jobs, the global stock markets, Syria, Afghanistan North Korea and Iraq, among other things..... and perhaps those are the areas where our focus should be....

Here's the question for this discussion board... Does it really matter about what happens to species across the planet, when our everyday lives are so uncertain? If we lose a species, or 2 or 20 or ..... does it matter? What do you think?

Draw a diagram that shows an EPSP causing an action potential to fire. The EPSP should be caused by a chemically gated channel. Include details on the channels associated with the action potential, and draw their configuration at each stage of the action potential.

The majority of proteins are imported into the peroxisome via translocation. What other mechanism do peroxisomes use to gain their proteins?

glycogen storage disease cause changes in metabolism in the item below increased in a patient with non-Gierke disease :

1- glycolysis

choose the larger of the 2 choices if the values are the same write same:

1) - number of ATPs obtained from one glucose in a muscle cell

- number of ATPs obtained from one glucose in a liver cell

- same

2) - number of ATP from one glucose in a liver cell

- number of ATP from 2 GAPs in a muscle cell

- same

How is an intron spliced out of a pre mRNA transcript to give rise to a mature mRNA? Explain with detail.

analogy for photosynthesis

analogy for fermentation

Give 5 examples of products that u see daily in supermarket using food preservation techniques
on each topic 1.) Refrigeration 2.) Freezing 3.) Canning 4.) Dehydration 5.) Pickling 6.) Fermentation. ( each topic should contain atleast 5 examples of products)

What is the possible relationship between mitochondria and prokaryotic cells?

1)

Which of the following is/are true for both graded potentials and action potentials?

2)

Which of the following statements about Ion channel activity during the action potential is/are correct?

Mutation and Repair

Discuss the effects of 3 kinds of chemical mutagens and 3 kinds of physical mutagens in Mutation and Repair

Complete the table below