a monohybrid cross can yield offspring with _____ different genotypes ?

1,2,3,4, or impossible to predict?

a women has an x chromosome with a disease allele, which of he rchildren could inherit the disease allele? can you also show how please

a) only her sons can inherit the allele

b) only the daughters

c) both daughters and sons can inherit

Activity 4: Experiment (YOU PRETEND TO DO THIS EXPERIMENT)

The control group in an experiment is the group who does not receive any treatment and is used as a benchmark against which other test results are measured. A control group is used in an experiment as a point of comparison, so that it can be isolated in testing that the experiment did, or did not, have the intended effect.

For example, scientists have developed many tests using reagents (substances used to detect another substance) to identify the different biomolecules. In order to perform these tests correctly, two different treatments must be completed to provide standards for comparison. The first treatment is called a positive control and contains the variable being tested for. The second treatment is the negative control, which does not contain the variable being tested for. To make sure your testing chemicals are not contaminated and to see what a negative reaction to the test will look like.

• Exercise 3: Identify the parts of the experiment.   A researcher wants to find out if spraying fruits and vegetables with pesticides affects the vitamin levels in those foods.

     a) the independent variable: _______________________________________

     b) the dependent variable: _____________________________________

     c) two possible controlled variables: ________________________________

     d) the control group:   ___________________________________________

     e) the experimental group: __________________________________________

Activity 5: Data

Data are reported in objective terms that allow for independent interpretation by anyone reading the report. The preferred method of reporting data is the presentation of results in tables and graphs that provide a quick and clear overview of any observed effects. There are two types of data: qualitative and quantitative.    

Qulitative data include qualities such as color, smell and taste. These are subjectively perceived and can be difficult to express in an objective manner. While everyone conducting the experiment may agree that the solution changed color, there may be variation in what individuals identify as blue, light blue, etc.

Quntitative data include qualities that can be measured objectively such as weight, volume, length and temperature. Quantitative data have a number associated with them and can be reported in universally accepted measurable units. This makes it easy for others to interpret the results. Both types of data are valid and important. In some instances an experiment may result in just one or the other type of information. Frequently, the investigator may collect and report both types of data.

Exercise 4: Label the following as qualitative (L) or quantitative (N).

Temperature of 23 °C _____

Increase in color intensity _____

pH values _____

Bitter taste _____

Sound increase _____

Measurement of nitrates _____

Number of deaths _____

Precipitation _____

Sweet smell _____

Level of diversity _____

Activity 6: Results/Analysis

To understand data better, it is usually shown in some type of graphical format. The same data can be portrayed in different formats depending upon what is being emphasized. A pie chart shows the proportions of different categories (qualitative data). The amount of the pie (circle) correlates to the percentage. It can be as simple as just two categories or it can contain several categories. The more categories a chart has the more difficult it is to read. If there are many categories that have small numbers they are frequently lumped into an “Other” category.

Exercise 5a:   Creating a complex pie chart. Create a pie chart for a characteristic with at least four categories but not more than six. Choose a characteristic that varies among students. Appropriate examples include shoe type, color of pants, mobile phone service, or type of car owned. Each student should pick a different characteristic. To make data collection easy and fun, one by one students should introduce themselves to the entire class and the rest of the class can ask them about the characteristic they chose. Fill in the chart below and create a pie chart with your data.  

Characteristic _______________________

Genes A, B, and C are linked on a chromosome and found in the order A-B-C. Genes A and B recombine with a frequency of 6%, and genes B and C recombine at a frequency of 26%. For the cross a + b + c/abc + × abc/abc, predict the frequency of progeny. Assume interference is zero.

a. Predict the frequency of a⁺b⁺c progeny.

b. Predict the frequency of abc⁺progeny.

c. Predict the frequency of a⁺bc⁺progeny

d. Predict the frequency of ab⁺c progeny.

e. Predict the frequency of a⁺b⁺c⁺ progeny.

f. Predict the frequency of abc progeny.

g. Predict the frequency of a⁺bc progeny.

h. Predict the frequency of ab⁺c⁺progeny.

​​​​​​​Describe how you can use PCR to obtain a gene fragment X that can be cloned into a plasmid vector for expression of the recombinant protein. Include in your description how the PCR reaction will be performed, how the amplicon will be analyzed, the use of restriction enzymes, how cloning will be achieved, how you will know that you have a recombinant containing the insert gene fragment X and how you will detect the recombinant protein.

1.) Which of the following EXPLAINS why transcription aids water move upwards?

a. Water moves by osmosis from hypotonic areas, with low solute concentration into hypertonic areas.

b. Water molecules stick to each other, each molecule that evaporates pulls the next one.

c. Water molecules have adhesion to the walls of racheids and xylem vessels allowing them to form tall columns of water.

d. Plant cell membranes have channels called aquaporings that allow water to move through the membrane fast.

PART A) The color of tulips can be determined by the interaction of 2 loci. Tulips can be pigmented red (controlled by a dominant allele, R) or yellow (r). The second locus has a dominant white allele (W), which inhibits pigment resulting in white tulips and a recessive allele (w) which results in colored petals. Consider the cross of a true breeding yellow tulip with a true breeding white tulip that is heterozygous recessive at the pigmented locus. Show work where necessary. What are the parental genotypes? What are the resulting F1 genotypes? If you cross the F1 plants what is the probability of getting a white tulip in the F2 generation?

PART B) A true-breeding pink-body unicorn with a red horn was crossed with a true-breeding white-bodied, purple horned unicorn. Pink body and purple horns are dominant. What phenotypic ratio do you expect for F1? For the F2 generation, you end up with the following unicorn offspring: 180 pink-bodied and purple horned, 60 pink-bodied and red horned, 50 white-bodied and purple horned, and 15 white bodied and red horned. Test the hypothesis that the genes associated with unicorn body and horn color are assorting independently. What is your chi-square value?  Now assume that your chi-square value exceeds the chi-square critical value. Does this mean you reject or fail to reject your null hypothesis.  Now assume that you failed to reject your null hypothesis, does this mean the two genes are independently assorting or that linkage is occurring?

why do africans have big nostrils?

Question 7

A strain of E. coli is grown under aerobic conditions. However, this strain has an inactivating mutation in the enzyme that converts Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA. What is the consequence of this mutation?

1. The organism cannot fully oxidize glucose, but can metabolize fats and some amino acids

2. The organism can metabolize as normal

3. The organism cannot carry out glycolysis

Question 4

Which of the following organisms are directly beneficial to vascular plants?

I need a detailed essay about 600 words to understand for this topic : bacterial impacts on the environment and human life.

I need a detailed essay about 600 words to understand for this topic : gene expression regulation of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and compare them.

Q1 A research laboratory identified a gene X of medicinal value in a plant species. You are given a small fragment of DNA containing gene X and the cloning vector pZoom. Maps of the 4 kb cloning vector pZoom and the 10 kb plant DNA fragment are shown in Figure 1 and 2, respectively. The PCR primer pairs (shown in Figure 1) F1/R1, F2/R2 and F3/R3 amplify fragments of 0.1, 0.6 and 0.8 kb, respectively. The antibiotic resistance gene A and gene B code for chloramphenicol and streptomycin resistance, respectively. The three restriction enzymes that cut this vector are BamHI, XbaI and HindIII represented on the map as enzymes I, II and III, respectively. You are given purified DNA of both the vector and the gene X containing DNA fragment at 0.2 µg/ul. Create a recombinant plasmid containing the complete gene X in the provided cloning vector pZoom. a. Design restriction digestion reactions using appropriate enzymes in such a way that you get a final concentration of 50 ng/µl for the digested vector and for the plant DNA (insert DNA) in the reaction. Your digestion should include all components in a 20 µL reaction. All enzymes are supplied with a concentration of 10 units/µL; you may use 1 µL of the enzyme in each reaction. Buffers for each enzyme are available as 10 times concentrated (10X) stocks. b. Generate three ligation reactions with 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 molar ratios of the insert and the vector DNA. Your ligation should include all components in a 30 µL reaction. Keep the vector amount fixed at 100 ng per ligation reaction. You are provided with 10 x ligase buffer and DNA ligase (0.5 U/µL) to set up your ligations. c. Develop a strategy to select transformants and a quick method to screen recombinants; show your screening method using a figure. Predict the expected results with an explanation. d. Devise a restriction analysis method to confirm the desired recombinant; use a single most appropriate enzyme. Calculate the expected sizes of the restriction fragments from each, the vector and the desired recombinant. e. Devise a PCR strategy to confirm the desired recombinant. Calculate the expected sizes of the PCR fragments from the desired recombinant in a multiplex PCR including all three primer pairs. How will these sizes differ from the same multiplex PCR if the template is vector DNA instead of the recombinant plasmid?

Your task is to solve the following problems. For each, you must provide a written response and a supporting Punnett square. Your Punnett square must be drawn by hand.

The ability to roll the tongue sideways (A) is dominant over the inability to roll one's tongue (a). In humans, non-attached earlobes (B) are dominant over attached earlobes (b). Two parents with attached earlobes can roll their tongues. They are both heterozygous for the tongue rolling trait.

1. What is the genotype of the mother?
2. What is the genotype of the father?
3. Whare are the possible gametes from the mother?
4. What are the possible gametes from the father?
5. Draw the Punnett square, and combine the gametes to produce offspring.
6. What is the phenotypic ratio of these offspring?

Explain how the cytoskeleton participates in the functional organization of tissues, and discuss the role of adhesive molecules.

3. Describe the difference between a homologous chromosome and a sister chromatid