Your newly established facility was recognised by NATA as being compliant with the OECD Principles of GLP and your first GLP study is now well under way. It is a multi-site study. The in-life aspect of the study is being conducted by a Test Facility located in Switzerland. Rat plasma samples are being shipped to your GLP facility in Brisbane.

However, troubles lie ahead. The person responsible for the analytical phase in your Brisbane facility has just informed you that she has resigned to take up another job elsewhere, effective immediately.

After the initial shock you quickly regain your composure and start compiling a list of what now needs to occur in order for the analytical phase of the study to be successfully completed.

Identify five (5) actions / processes that must occur in order for the study to remain compliant with the Principles of GLP. Each action / process should be described in one sentence.

1.(a)Strong acids can dissolve or chemically burn living matter. Why is the stomach tissue not damaged by stomach acid? Describe the mechanism by which the stomach lining is protected from the very acidic gastric juice.

(b)What is the function of the gallbladder? What might be the consequences of having your gallbladder removed?

1.（a）Explain the muscle mechanism that moves food through the entire gastrointestinal tract.

（b） What is the role of the stomach in digestion? Describe how the structures of the stomach relates to its functions.

(c)Describe the inside surface of the small intestine and explain the functions for its structures

BACKGROUND:Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)is an enveloped, (+)-sense, single-strandRNA virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19). The coronavirus family is named for the crown-like spikes on the outer surface of the virus and includes viruses that infect many species of animals, including camels, cattle, bats, and cats. The SARS-CoV-2 virus appears to have “spilled”out ofbats,its primaryanimal host,and into humansin December of 2019 in Wuhan, China. COVID-19 symptoms appear 2-14 days after exposure and include fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, chills, muscle pain, headache, diarrhea, and loss of taste or smell.The virus spreads from person-to-person, primarily through droplets that are released when a person coughs or sneezes, but also through indirect contact with secretions. It is highly contagious and spread primarily by symptomatic individuals but also by individuals who are asymptomatic. Researchers are working at a frantic pace to design an effective vaccine and determine whether people who recover from COVID-19 can be re-infected. Coronaviruses have remarkably low mutation rates for RNA viruses. Their replicative enzyme has low fidelity (accuracy) but they have acquired the gene for a 3’-to-5’ exonuclease (ExoN) that removes mismatches during and after RNA synthesis

QUESTIONS TO ANSWER:

1.(5pts) Fill in the missing terms in the replication cycleof SARS-CoV,a virus that is very similar toSARS-CoV-2with respect to its replication.

A.During attachment, the SARS-CoV___________________[name specific viral ligand] binds receptor molecules on the ___________________[name specific structure] of the host cell.

B.During penetration and uncoating, the virion enters the cell by___________________ and then releases its genome into the cytoplasm of the cell through ___________________[name process].

C.During biosynthesis, the ___________________[positive-and/ornegative] –sense genome is replicated using the viral ______________________[name specific enzyme]to produce ___________________[positive-and/or negative] –sense strands. This activity will also produce ___________________[name specific macromolecule] that will be translated to produce viral structural proteins.

D.As a precursor to assembly, viral surface proteins are translatedin the ___________________[name host cell compartment]. These surface proteins will then assemblewith other viral proteins and a copy of the genome.

E.During release, infectiousvirions leave the host cell by the process of ___________________[name cell process].

Which of the following choices does NOT correctly pair a biome with some of its characteristics?

Tropical rainforest – long cold winters, low plant species diversity.

Temperate deciduous forest – cool to cold winters; dry summers

Temperate grassland – cool to cold winters; dry summers

Chaparral – mild, rainy winters; long, hot dry summers

QUESTION 33

1.              In order to BEST test a causal hypothesis about an exposure and outcome, the researcher should                                           incorporate which of the following elements into their study?

2 points   

QUESTION 34

1.             Sustainable development considers the following main factors when addressing a global health issue:

2 points   

QUESTION 35

1.             Rising temperature impacts vector-borne disease transmission through:

2 points   

QUESTION 36

1.    Industrialization has contribute to the spread of emerging communicable diseases.

True

False

2 points   

QUESTION 37

1.               Compared to other study designs, studies that use the _________ design yield results that are the most                                   difficult to interpret.

2 points   

QUESTION 38

1.             According to the WHO, approximately 1.2 billion worldwide live in poverty.

True

False

2 points   

QUESTION 39

1.              The most effective intervention to decrease WASH-related disease transmission is:

2 points   

QUESTION 40

1.      Which of the following is a strength of using a cohort study design?

2 points   

QUESTION 41

1.             When examining the global HIV data between 2000 and 2015, the number of people living with HIV _______ and the number of people who received HIV treatment _________.

3) Write your null hypothesis, perform a chi-square analysis, and answer the questions.

a. Null Hypothesis:

b. Degrees of freedom =

c. X² =

d. p =

e. Fail to Reject or Reject null hypothesis?

For questions 2 and 3, write your null hypothesis, perform a chi-square analysis, and answer the questions.

2) Null Hypothesis:

Class Data Observed Expected O - E (O – E)^2 (O – E)2/E   

Green 315

Polka-dot 85

Degrees of freedom =

X2 =

p =

Fail to Reject or Reject null hypothesis?

Discuss the mechanism of primary active transport and provide an example of how it is used in the kidney.

Eukaryotic cells:

Select one:

a. have a nucleus

b. do not contain organelles

c. some use complex structures for motility (movement) and feeding

d. all contain chloroplasts and mitochondria

e. more than one of these

f. all of these

Fungi are among an important group of species in soil ecosystems that break down dead organic matter.  These organisms are called:

Select one:

a. primary producers

b. detritivores

c. secondary consumers

d. carnivores

e. omnivores

According to Endosymbiosis Theory as developed by Lynn Margulis:

Select one:

a. a free living purple sulfur bacteria engulfed by a eukaryotic cell became the first mitochondria

b. a free living cyanobacteria engulfed by a eukaryotic cell became a chloroplast

c. organelles of eukaryotic cells separated over billions of years to diversify prokaryotic life

d. more than one of these is true

e. all of these are true

Refer to the following equation:   Sugar (Glucose) + O2 + H20 --> CO2 + H2O + ATP

Select one:

a. this represents photosynthesis

b. this represents cellular respiration

c. organisms use to produce energy molecules necessary for metabolic reactions

d. A and C

e. B and C

In the Nitrogen cycle, which organisms specifically fix nitrogen gas (N2) from the atmosphere?

Select one:

a. bacteria in the root nodules of legume plants

b. decomposers

c. soil bacteria

d. A and C

e. B and C

There are several types of DNA polymerases and RNA polymerases – yet there is only one ribosome. Why is that?