1. Louis Pasteur noted that microbes (which can grow either anaerobically or aerobically) consumed large amounts of glucose when grown without oxygen, forming lactic acid. However, when an excess of oxygen was supplied, the concentration of lactic acid decreased as well as the consumption of glucose. Known as the “Pasteur Effect,” explain this phenomenon

2.DPN is used as a drug to treat obesity, working as a proton uncoupler to diminish the proton gradient needed for ATP synthesis because of oxidative phosphorylation.

a.) Why would this drug be effective in weight loss?

b.) Why would its use be dangerous to your health? Note that there are two questions being asked here.

Replication of the E. coli chromosome starts at a particular point, the origin of chromosomal replication (oriC) and proceeds bidirectionally around the circular chromosome.

A. Describe how the strands at oriC are separated to allow replication of the chromosome.

B. Once the replication is initiated the process of bidirectional semi-discontinuous DNA replication occurs. Describe this process.

Describe each of the four classes of macromolecules (large polymers) of living things, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Include the following items. monomer units (not for lipids) function and location of molecule in living things one example of each class of macromolecule (examples of proteins - amylase, collagen) describe the structure of each class.

1. What is immunotherapy and why are people so excited about it?

2. When Bill received a cancer diagnosis, his physician told him about the grade and stage of the tumor. Which of these is most likely to convey information about the degree of metastasis?

3. Susie's doctor discovers a lump in her breast at her yearly physical exam. He sends her to an X-ray clinic for a mammogram. Is the mammogram she gets an example of cancer screening? Why or why not? If not, what is the term which best describes what is happening at the X-ray clinic?

4. Radiation can be used to detect cancers, and radiation can be used to treat cancers. How is this possible? What are some of the downsides of using radiation for detection and treatment?

5. In the early days of cancer surgery, women with breast cancer were subjected to "radical mastectormies" in which significant amounts of their chest and shoulder were removed in addition to their breast tissue. These surgical methods were painful and dangerous, and, it turns out, not effective in promoting longer life in the patients. What do you think was the motivation for these radical surgeries, and why do you think they were not effective?

6. Thyroid cancer can be treated by giving patients radioactive iodine. Why is this effective?

7. How can the effectiveness of alternative or complementary therapies be determined scientifically?

Are all genes turned on all the time in all cells? Why or why not? (write down).

Explain (write down) What makes a cell cancerous?

You are conducting a case control study to determine if an association exists between melanoma and indoor tanning. From a statewide cancer registry, you identify 1,107 people who were diagnosed with melanoma during the last three years. You select 1,500 controls for your study. Through a follow-up survey, you find that 696 of those with melanoma had a history of indoor tanning. 48.2% of the control group reported no exposure to indoor tanning.

Part I: Calculate the odds ratio.

Part II: Interpret your results.

Explain (writedown) What is the general purpose of Mitosis vs Meiosis in normal cells?

1. Determining Inheritance using Punnett Squares

A Punnett is a means to determine the genetic inheritance of offspring if the genotypes of both parents are known. Using Punnett squares answer the questions about the following scenarios. In order to properly answer some of the questions more than 1 Punnett square might be needed. With every Punnett square provide a key for your alleles.

1. Neurofibromatosis (NF), sometimes called von Recklinghausen disease, is one of the most common genetic disorders. It affects roughly 1 in 3,000 people. It is seen equally in every racial and ethnic group throughout the world. At birth or later, the affected individual may have six or more large tan spots on the skin. Such spots may increase in size and number and become darker. Small benign tumors called neurofibromas may occur under the skin or in the muscles. They are made up of nerve cells and other cell types. NF is a dominant disorder. Jane has NF and wants to figure out what the chances are that her children will inherit the disorder if her husband, John, does not have NF.

2. The condition of sickle cell anemia is recessive and only the homozygous recessive individuals are adversely affected. Interestingly, heterozygous individuals have increased resistance to Malaria which is caused by a Plasmodium parasite that infects red blood cells. A heterozygous individual has red blood cells that are minimally affected but are altered enough so that Plasmodium cannot infect the cells. This is one reason why this allele persists in the population – in the heterozygous state it gives the individual an advantage for survival in some environments.

Veronica, who has the sickle cell condition, and Mason who does not have the condition have a child. They are worried about the having a child with sickle cell anemia and malaria because they are moving to a part of Africa where the Plasmodium is common. Who in this family should be worried about sickle cell anemia and contracting malaria?

3. All newborn babies are tested to see if they have a defective enzyme which cannot break down the amino acid phenylalanine. If phenylalanine accumulates in the blood then high levels can cause mental retardation. The condition is called phenylketonuria or PKU. PKU is a recessive allele and only homozygous recessive individuals are affected. A family living in a country where PKU testing is not done wanted to know if they should have their baby in the US. The pregnant mother has a parent who has the PKU condition and the father also has one parent with the condition. Neither the pregnant mother nor the father has the condition. Draw a punnett square demonstrating the likelihood that this new baby will inherit PKU and discuss why or why not the parents should have the baby in the US. (K = dominant, non-disease allele; k = recessive, disease allele)
4. Huntington’s disorder is caused by a dominant allele. Heterozygous individuals with one copy of this allele suffer from progressive degeneration of the nervous system and premature death. The phenotype or symptoms do not appear until the affected individual reaches ~40 years of age. This is after child-bearing age, so people have children before they know they are carrying the affected gene allele.

Jermaine is very worried about passing the dominant Huntington’s gene allele to his children. If Jermaine’s father has the Huntington’s Disorder, his mother does not, and his wife has no history of Huntington’s, does Jermaine need to be tested for Huntington’s before he has children? Note: homozygous dominant is lethal and a fetus will not survive. Draw a punnett square representing the Jermaine’s father and mother, to determine his chances of carrying the Huntington’s disease allele. (H = dominant, disease allele; h = recessive, non-disease allele)

What is the probability that Jermaine has the Huntington’s disease allele? Should he be tested?

If Jermaine is positive for the Huntington’s allele, what are the chances he will pass it on to his children? Do a second punnett square to illustrate this cross.

Botulinum toxin (Botox) is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction and thus causes flaccid paralysis. Infection with the bacterium causes the disease botulism. Give the use and the dangers of this toxin.

why are people with c8 deficiencies able to fight infections?

How do organisms come to live on newly formed volcanic islands?

What new methods are required to effectively assess the risk of resistance ?