The relationship between economics and integrated pest management.

1. In Drosophila again, a red-eyed heterozygous female is mated with a red-eyed male.

A) What are the phenotypes of their male offspring?

B) What is the expected ratio of those phenotypes (in their sons)?

2. A man and woman plan to have children. The woman is a hemophiliac (she suffers from hemophilia, which is an X-linked disorder), but the man is not a hemophiliac.

A) What are the chances that their sons will be hemophiliacs?

B) What are the chances that their daughters will be hemophiliacs?

C) What are the chances that their daughters will be carriers of hemophilia?

3. A married woman gives birth to a color-blind daughter. She and her husband have normal color vision. The husband happens to be a genetics student. Despite the fact that individuals with color blindness live perfectly normal lives, he is very upset by this revelation. Why? Explain your reasoning.

1. ______________________ signaling is a general category of signaling in which a membrane bound signal on one cell activates receptors on an adjacent cell.

2. Fatty acids with two or more double bonds between carbons are called ________________________________ fatty acids.

3. Lipids are transported out of intestinal epithelial cells into the lymph in complexes called ____________________________________________________.
4. ______________________________ is a large branched polymer of glucose that is stored primarily in liver and muscle cells in mammals.

5.Key regulatory steps in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis involve regulation of the enzymes that play a role in the interconversion between fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6P). The nucleotide_____ inhibits the enzyme____ that catalyzes the production of F1,6P from F6P. Also, the nucleotide____ inhibits the enzyme _______ that catalyzes the reverse reaction, which produces F6P from F1,6P.

1.The amino acid serine is classified as a(n) _________________________________________________ amino acid.

2.A type of chromatography that fractionates proteins based on differences in their size is ____________________________________ chromatography.

3.

In Anfinsen's experiments on the structure and function of RNase, he found that non-covalent bonds were key in determining the _________________________ structure of the enzyme.

4.

A type of reversible enzyme inhibitor that binds to the active site of an enzyme and prevents the substrate from binding the active site is is called a ___________________________________________________ inhibitor.

5.Chymotrypsin activity includes the formation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate, formed as a result of bond formed between a carbonyl carbon in the polypeptide undergoing cleavage and a hydroxyl oxygen on the side chain of the amino acid _____in the enzyme's active site. Prior to this binding, this amino acid donates a proton from its hydroxyl group to the amino acid____ also found in the enzyme's active site.

After paired chromosomes align at the cell's "equator", what happens to each of the chromosomes in mitosis?

1. The causative agent for elephantiasis is the roundworm Wuchereria bancrofti which is an example of a(n) ___________________?

2. 		protozoan
   		alga
   		helminth
   		none of these

1. In an A-B exotoxin, which component binds to a receptor on the host cell?

   		the A component
   		the B component

1. Which of these cell types are not immunologically specific?

2. 		B cell
   		T helper cell
   		natural killer (NK) cells
   		all of these are correct

1. Lysozymes _________.  

   		destroy bacterial cell walls
   		are found in tears
   		are found perspiration
   		all these are correct

1. Innate immunity ______________.

1. Regarding the complement system, which of these is a possible result?

1. Which of these is true about the structure of antibodies?

   		they have 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains
   		they have constant regions (C) and variable regions (V)
   		chains are linked together by disulfide bridges
   		all of these are correct

1. Which of the following is not one of Koch’s postulates?

1)Ravi and Jonathon, friends from high school, accidently meet each other in the doctor’s office. Each is seeing the same gastro-intestinal specialist for health concerns, both related to digestion / intestinal problems. Ravi’s small intestines are not functioning properly while Jonathon is having an issue with the large intestines. In detail, describe what the two different parts of the intestines do and describe what symptoms each might be feeling

2- In the energy pathways of the cell (glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle and oxidative phosphorylation) list where and how many ATP, NADH, FADH2, carbons and CO2 molecules are made or used.

3- Define the role of fermentation and lactic acid production in human cells.

4- Explain the reverse concept, which is how hydrolysis makes monomers etc

5-You should have a good understanding of the different blood types and how they are identified.

Please answer 1-7

1. Based on LD₅₀ values, which of these is the most toxic/lethal?

   		Botulinum toxin: LD50=0.03 ng/kg
   		Shiga toxin: LD50=250 ng/kg
   		Staphylococcal enterotoxin: LD50=1350 ng/kg
   		Abrin toxin: LD50= 20,000 ng/kg

1. Which of the following is not a communicable disease?

   		malaria
   		HIV / AIDS
   		tetanus
   		tuberculosis

1. Which of these best defines pathogenesis?

   		the abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally
   		the origin and development of a specific disease
   		the study of strictly bacterial diseases
   		the study strictly viral diseases

1. The LAL (Limulus amebocyte lysate) assay is used to detect the presence of ____________.

   		exotoxins
   		endotoxins
   		fungal pathogens
   		helminthes

1. Live microbes that are applied to or ingested into the human body to exert a beneficial effect are defined as ___________________.

   		antibiotics
   		prebiotics
   		probiotics
   		none of these

1. Where does B cell differentiation take place in adult humans?

   		bone marrow
   		thymus
   		heart
   		none of the above

1.

Which of the following definitions is incorrect?

Please answer 1-7

1. Bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella produce invasins that affect the host’s cells, thus causing the host cells to __________.

   		release tumor necrosis factors (TNFs)
   		produce iron-binding proteins
   		engulf the bacterial cell
   		destroy the bacterium

1. What are interleukins and interferons?

   		antibodies
   		antigens
   		cytokines
   		bacterial toxins

1. Which of these permanently colonize the host through most of its life?

   		normal microbiota
   		transient microbiota
   		alien microbiota
   		none of these

1. Which statement about nosocomial infections is false?

   		they occur in compromised patients
   		they may be caused by drug-resistant bacteria
   		they are caused by microbes living inside of the medical facility
   		the patient had the infection prior to hospitalization

1. Endotoxins are __________.

   		associated with gram-positive bacteria
   		are generally more potent than exotoxins
   		associated with gram-negative bacteria
   		actively excreted by living cells

1. Ergot toxin, Aflatoxin, and other types of mycotoxins are produced by ________.

   		viruses
   		bacteria
   		fungi
   		helminthes

1. Which of these is a portal of microbial entry into humans?

   		mucous membranes
   		skin
   		parenteral routes
   		all of these are correct

Compare and contrast parasitism, herbivory, predation and mutualism (2pts). Give an example of each, and discuss how the relationships of these might change over time (3pts).

Please answer 1-7

1. Which of these has the potential to differentiate into either myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cells?

   		erythrocytes
   		mast cells
   		pluripotent stem cells
   		plasma cells

1. Innate immunity involves which components of the human body?

   		skin
   		mucus
   		blood cells
   		all of these

1. Giardiasis is caused by the protozoa Giardia, what is its most common method of entry into the human body?

   		blood transfusions
   		through contaminated water
   		poorly cooked meat
   		none of these

1. Which immunoglobulin has a pentamer structure?

   		IgG
   		IgM
   		IgA
   		IgD

1. The process of hematopoiesis is best described as __________.

   		the differentiation of blood cells
   		the differentiation of viruses
   		the differentiation of bacterial cells
   		none of these

1. Which of these best describe adhesins/ligands?

   		they are either cilia or flagella and are used in cell movement
   		they are surface molecules on a pathogen that bind to the host cell
   		they are a type of exotoxin
   		they are a type of endotoxin

1. Which of these is an example of artificially acquired active immunity?

   		immunity acquired after catching measles from someone
   		immunity acquired from mother to child through antibodies in breast milk
   		immunity acquired via vaccination of a specific antigen
   		immunity acquired via injection of antibodies into the body

You are an aspiring biologist and you want to document the size of a sea turtle population over time. Starting with the vital rates, describe the different factors that will directly impact the size of the population over time (3pts). What else could impact a population (directly and indirectly) size over time (list at least 5 things based on what we have chatted about in class) (7pts).

As an aspiring gardener, Thomas hopes to use knowledge gained in biology class to better understand his tomato plants.

A.  Thomas weighs his tomatoes after harvest, and notes that tomatoes are made up primarily of Carbon and Water. From where did these main components originate, and how were they incorporated into the tomatoes?  (3pts)

B. Thomas calculates that in his one-square-meter garden, his plants began with a biomass of 45 grams of Carbon. After three months, he measures the biomass to be 143 grams of Carbon. He also estimates that 32 grams of Carbon were lost through respiration. What was the NPP of his garden over these three months? (2 points)

C. A garden pest eats 30 grams of carbon. Suppose that pest is eaten by a wolf. About how much carbon will the wolf receive that originally came from the garden? (2 points)

D. Thomas notices that his tomato plants have higher productivity with more sun. He thinks back to when he lived in the Sahara desert and about how much sunlight there was in the area. Why was there such low primary productivity in the Sahara desert, despite having plenty of sunlight? (1 point)

E. Where will the energy stored in the tomatoes end up after a very, very, very long time? Explain. (2 points)