1. Ms. Jones is 50 years old and 30 pounds overweight. She reads about several new diets and wants to try one of them. Several popular plans are low-carbohydrate diets. Most low-carbohydrate diets compensate by eating more protein and fat.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of such diets? describe with APA references (type at least 250 words)

2. 55-year-old Jim, a school teacher, has had hypertension (180/110) for years and also Type- 1 diabetes. He does not have any other serious medical issues. Last week, after a meeting, he felt weak and lethargic and had some lower leg swelling. His doctor ordered urine tests and diagnosed him with kidney failure.

Discuss the problems frequently encountered in kidney failure. describe with APA references (type at least 250 words)

37) Which of the following can be transmitted via a fecal-oral route?

A) Cyclospora cayetanensis

B) Norovirus

C) Taenia solium

D) All of the above

E) A and B

41) Which of the following is/are true of mumps?

A) It leads to damage of tooth enamel.

B) It is caused by species of Streptococcus.

C) It is spread by droplet contact.

D) A and B

E) A and C

42) Which of the following is/are true of gastric ulcers?

A) Common treatment includes antibiotic therapy.

B) They can be caused by Helicobacter pylori.

C) They represent a disease that can be transmitted from person to person.

D) All of the above

E) A and B

43) Considering all of the different hepatitis viruses collectively, what are some of the possible symptoms of hepatitis?

A) Jaundice

B) Liver cancer

C) Swelling of the liver

D) All of the above

E) A and B

5. The law of dominance states that one form of a hereditary trait, known as the ________ trait, prevents the expression of the other trait, known as the ________ trait.

6. Two sex-linked traits in humans are ___________________ and ________________.

7. ________________ occurs when one gene is not completely dominant over the other gene and a new phenotype is created.

8. _____________ occurs when two genes are expressed at the same time, in a sense both genes are dominant and are expressed.

9. The law of independent assortment states that segregation of alleles occurs _____________ of the segregation of other alleles.

10. Each gamete contains ______ allele for each trait.

1. Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection is the logical outcome of 4 testable predictions or postulates. List and define them:

2. How is the word "fitness" defined by biologists compared to everyday use?

10. Consider a mutant strain of a pathogen that is unable to produce siderophores. What

likely impact would this have on the mutant pathogen during an infection?

11. Describe some general damaging effects of an infection.

12. Define, compare, and contrast exotoxins and endotoxins.

13. Describe the three classes of exotoxins and their mode of action.

Q1 . The authors cite the explanation of Thomas Kuhn (author of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions) of how a change of 'looking at the world' (Khun's term is "paradigm shift") within the practice of science takes place. The authors compare the views of Copernicus and Ptolemy regarding the structure of our solar system as an example:

a.Copernicus and Ptolemy used the same assumptions to organize a different set of facts and came to the same conclusion.

b.Copernicus and Ptolemy used different assumptions to organize a different set of facts and came to the same conclusion.

c.Copernicus and Ptolemy used different assumptions to organize the same set of facts and came to different conclusions.

d.Copernicus and Ptolemy used the same assumptions to organize a different set of facts and came to different conclusions.

Q2. "So how do scientists learn these organizing ideas? The usual way is by studying with other people who know what they're doing." Which of the choices below is the correct set of parts of speech for describing the term?

a."Organizing" is an adjective, "ideas" is a noun.

b."Organizing" is a verb, "ideas" is a noun.

c."Organizing" is a gerundive, "ideas" is a synecdoche.

Q3. Quoting the authors, "Technically, a paradigm is

a.how one goes about organizing ideas in a particular way."

b.what the study of anthropology is all about."

c.the cultural code that makes the example make sense."

Q4. Malinowski enumerates his "three principles of method" that he found leads to "success" in one's ethnographic research. (Identify the choice that does not belong.)

a.The student should have earned an advanced degree in anthropology from Cambridge or Drexel.

b.The student must approach the study scientifically, and know the values and criteria of modern ethnography.

c.The student ought to live alone with the natives, without other Westerners around.

d.The student has to apply a number of special methods of collecting, manipulating, and "fixing" the evidence that has been gathered.

Q5. Quoting Malinowski: "Our considerations thus indicate that the goal of ethnographic field work must be appreciated through three avenues:     (Identify the choice that DOES NOT belong)

a.The organization of the tribe, and the anatomy of its culture...

b.The organizing ideas that determine the cultural codes of the tribe.

c.the imponderabilia of actual life and the type of behavior have to be filled in.

d.A collection of ethnographic statements...as documents of native mentality.

Briefly discuss the following:

1. Events that changed the world in microbiology.

2. Microbiology came about looking for the mystery of life. Do you agree? Why?

What are the initiation events associated with Replication and Transcription (in the prokaryotic models):

Replication:

Transcription:

Carlos Adams was involved in a motor accident and suffered blunt trauma to his abdomen. Upon presentation to emergency department, his vital signs are as follows:
Temperature, 100.9degrees Ferihieght, heart rate,120bpm, respiratory rate, 20 breast/min, and blood pressure, 90/54mmHg.His abdomen is firm,with bruising around the umblicus. He is alert and oriented, but complains of dizziness when changing positions. The patient is admitted for management of suspected hypovolemic shock.The following orders are written for the patient:
place two large-bore IVs and infuse 0.9% NS at 125mL/hr/line.
Obtain complete blood count, serum electrolytes oxygen at 2L/min via nasal cannula.
Type and cross for the 4 units of blood.
Flat plate of the abdomen STAT (Learning objective 1,4,and 5).
a. Describe the pathophysiologic sequence of events seen with hypovolemic shock.
b. What are the major goals of medical management in this patient?
c. what is the rationale for placing two large-bore IVS?
d. what are the advantages of using 0.9% NS in this patient?
e. What is the rationale for placing the patient in a modified Trendelenburg position?

Q # 1: Define and describe the following terms: 1) cannabinoids, cannabis, phytocannabinoids, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, marijunna, and dabbing.

Q # 2: What are the differences between marijuana and hashish in terms of their THC content? How do they differ from time-period and whether or not they are oil or non-oil based products?

Q # 3: What is the difference between marijuana and K2?

Q # 4: What is the difference between marijuana, dronabinol, and WIN52212-12 in terms of THC content, potency, and DEA schedule?

Q # 5: Compare and contrast the metabolism of delta-9-THC based on oral ingestion vs. inhalation drug exposure.

Q # 6: Explain the difference between acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) fat cell related pharmacokinetics?

Q # 7: Compare and contrast endocannabinoids, anandamide, and 2-arachidonoylglycerol.

Q # 8: Compare and contrast the differences between CB1 and CB2 receptors functions and where they are distributed within the central nervous system.

Q # 9: What are the differences between amotivational syndrome, cannabis use disorder, and cannabis withdrawal syndrome?

Q # 10: What are the only clear medicinal uses for prescription (legal use) of marijuana?

How would you modulate the reverse cholesterol transport pathway to increase cholesterol ef?ux from cells in normal individuals?

Mr. Roger is 2 days postoperative of a thoracotomy for removal of a malignant mass in his left chest. His pain is being managed via an epidural catheter with morphine ( an apioid analgesic).As the nurse assumes care of Mr. Roger's, he is alert and fully oriented, and states that this current pain is 2 on a 1-to-10 scale. His vital signs are 37.8-92-12,138/82.(Learning objective 6).
a. what are benefits of epidural versus systematic administration of opioids?
b. The nurse monitors Mr.Rogers' respiratory status and vital signs every 2 hours. What is the rationale for this frequent assessments?
c.The nurse monitors Mr.Rogers for what other complications of epidural analgesia?
d. Mrs. Roger's complains of a severe headache. What should the nurse do?
e. Me. Rogers' epidural morphine and decreased mobility increase his chances of constipation. What interventions should be included in his plan of care to minimize constipation?