list and describe the role and use of antibody isotypes in the human immune system. Include functions, roles, locations.

Compare and contrast the immune system’s primary response to an antigen and secondary response to that same antigen.

Why are type IV hypersensitivities different from the other three types.

List and discuss the two strongest reasons that Saletan has in favor of GM crops

Build a Punnett square to represent each junction. Indicate gamete proportions, progeny proportions (each table) and summarize phenotypes.

a. BBMM X BrMm

b. BrMm X BrMm

c. BrMm X rrmm

In humans, hair color is controlled by the interaction of two genes. The same pigment, melanin, is present in chestnut-haired and blond-haired people, but chestnut people have much more. Brown hair (B) is dominant of blonde (r). Feeling melanin depends on another gene. The dominant form of this second gene (M) allows the synthesis of melanin; the recessive form (m) prevents such synthesis. Recessive homozygous (mm) are albinos. For each of the following junctions mention the phenotype of the parents.

a. BBMM X BrMm

b. BrMm X BrMm

c. BrMm X rrmm

The 2006 research paper by Paredez et al (full reference details below) provided direct evidence linking a role for microtubules in regulating cellulose microfibril deposition in the plant cell wall. Describe the major experimental findings reported in this paper and the significance of these findings to resolve long standing models that attempted to explain a role for cortical microtubules in controlling the direction of cellulose microfibril deposition. In explaining the experimental strategy used in this research, what was the rationale for using a CesA6 mutant line as part of their experimental approach?

Reference: Paredez, Somerville and Ehrhardt (2006) Visualization of cellulose synthase demonstrates functional association with microtubules. Science 312: 1491-1495.

Describe the mechanism by which “nucleotide hydrolysis” regulates microtubule dynamics in plant cells.

10. Mutations in the lacI gene (lacI-) constitutively transcribe the lac operon. Mutations in the operator region can also occur, also resulting in the constitutive expression of the lac operon. Using the “reagents” described below, design an experiment to test if a mutant that constitutively expresses the lac operon is mutated in the lacI gene or in the operator.
X-gal – a colorless chemical that is a substrate for B-galactosidase, when cleaved it produces a blue dye that “stains” any cells expressing B-galactosidase.
An F’ strain of E. coli that contains an F plasmid with a functional lacI gene
An F’ strain that contains an F plasmid with a functional operator site
The F- mutant strain that constitutively expresses the lac operon

You can make whatever media you want but must specify what media you use in each step.

1. What does it mean to say that HSV-1 is often latent?

It is always present in infected individuals, but lesions may be small or hidden

It is normally difficult to detect even when causing an active infection unless appropriate screening tests are conducted

It undergoes periods of inactivity when it resides in trigeminal nerve ganglia and does not cause symptoms

It undergoes cycles of rapid growth and slower growth, affecting the symptoms that can be observed

2. Which of the following is NOT a disease caused by a fungus?

thrush

coccidioidomycosis

“athlete’s foot”

carbuncles

3. The relatively mild viral disease that causes a rash on the trunk typically in infants and toddlers and is self limiting usually caused by human herpesvirus-6, or sometimes human herpesvirus-7, is better known as

chickenpox

fifth disease

measles

roseola

4. Inhalation of respiratory secretions is involved in the transmission of the following, EXCEPT

rubella

influenza

SARS

parvovirus

Repeat-associated small-interfering RNAs (rasiRNAs) account for 90-95% of the global small RNA population in all plant species. As their name suggests, rasiRNAs are derived from the various classes of repetitive DNA that constitute more than 95% of the entire nuclear genome sequence of a plant. The rasiRNAs keep the majority of the repetitive DNA in an inactive state. State; (1) the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase(s) involved in rasiRNA precursor transcript transcription; (2) whether rasiRNA precursors are molecules of perfectly or imperfectly structured double-stranded RNA (dsRNA); (3) the DICER-LIKE (DCL) endonuclease(s) responsible for rasiRNA production; (4) the size of rasiRNAs, and; (5) the mechanism of RNA silencing directed by rasiRNAs in order to maintain repetitive DNA in an inactive state.

During the fall of 2012, a multi-state outbreak of meningitis occurred. The source of the infection was traced to contaminated methylprednisolone acetate, a steroid commonly used to treat back pain. Each of the infected people had received an injection of the steroid contaminated with the fungus Exserohilum rostratum. While the investigation is still pending, one current area of focus is the quality-assurance practices of the company responsible for manufacture of the drug. Quality assurance (QA) refers to the examination of the process of manufacturing a drug. QA practices are governed by both federal and local agencies, and they help to ensure that manufacturing practices for products such as drugs guarantee both efficacy and safety of the product. Quality control (QC) is an aspect of QA that focuses on the end-product of the process. During the production of a drug, one facet of a QC technician’s job is to evaluate microbiological safety during the production process. As you answer the following questions, imagine that you are working as a QC technician at a pharmaceutical company.

Part A

During production of a drug, all work area surfaces must be disinfected using sterilized disinfectants. Which of the following statements about disinfectants are true?

Select all that apply.

View Available Hint(s)

Select all that apply.

Submit

Part B

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Part C

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Part D

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Part E

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Describe the use of microarrays in plant research. In your answer define what a Tiling Array is.

Discuss the frequency of COVID-19 in the US in terms of (Prevalence, Incidence, Mortality Rate, and morbidity Rate).

Describe the immune and physiological process to activate naive CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells. Where would this most likely occur in human anatomy.