what is sex

Describe the structure of the cell envelope of a gram-positive bacteria and compare it with that of a gram-negative bacteria. Give detailed answer.

Describe the start of transcription in bacteria and the function of the sigma factor. Give detailed answer.

As we try to define life, we believe that O₂, which is so pervasive in the environment, is fundamentally necessary to sustain life.  Clostridium & Streptococcus are both catalase-negative bacteria, but only Streptococcus grows by fermentation. Why then is Clostridium killed by O₂, whereas Streptococcus is not?

Respond to the following in a minimum of 300 words:

Is radiation of species static or ongoing? Explain.

Debate the efficacies of public versus private-based quality initiatives. What roles do each play in the quality of U.S. health care? How would the elimination of one aspect affect the other? Respond to two other classmates and counter their answer

Lamarck, in part, based his erroneous theory of evolution on the passing of acquired characteristics from one generation to the next. Darwin’s theory is based on the passing of inherited genetic characteristics from one generation to the next. Determine which of the characteristics listed below are acquired, inherited or involve both acquired and inherited

Explain your choices.

1. Increased proficiency in playing the clarinet: acquired or inherited or both

2. Thick subcutaneous fat layer in arctic seals: acquired or inherited or both

3. Attaining a height of two meters in humans: acquired or inherited or both

4. Grizzly bears hibernating during the winter: acquired or inherited or both

1. Which of the following groups of allosteric effectors are all sensors of an energy poor status in the cell?

Group of answer choices

a.cAMP, CoASH, ADP

b.ATP, NADH, acetyl CoA

2. Which one of the following statements about gluconeogenesis in mammals is false?

a.It consists entirely of the reactions of glycolysis, operating in the reverse direction.

b.It requires metabolic energy (ATP or GTP).

c. It can use amino acids as starting material.

d. The pathway includes the liver enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase.

3. Which of the following is true of mammalian glycogen synthase?

It catalyzes addition of (α1 ⟶⟶ 4) linked glucose residues to the nonreducing end of a glycogen chain.

PKA activation of glycogen synthase requires phosphorylation of one or more amino acids.

The enzyme binds F2,6 bisphosphate (F26BP).

cAMP is an allosteric effector that binds and inhibits glycogen synthase.

c.AMP, NAD+, CoASH

d. Acetyl CoA, AMP, NAD+

4. If a cell is actively fluxing only phases I (oxidative) and II (isomerase) of the pentose phosphate pathway, which of the following statement most accurately describes the physiological status of the cell from the information given?

The cell is in an energy-poor status.

The cell is at the point in its cell cycle where DNA replication is highest.

The cell is under oxidative stress and needs high level of glucose.

The cell is producing heat through uncoupled electron flow.

5.

Which of the following is true about F26BP (fructose-2,6bisphosphate)?

Its level is regulated by glucagon in the mammalian liver.

It is synthesized and broken down by a bifunctional enzyme.

It is not an intermediate in any metabolic pathway.

All statements about F26BP are true.

Identify the disease that most closely resembles tuberculosis symptoms may be confused with viral pneumonia characterized by the catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent stages Identify the key ingredient of a vaccine against the following conditions:

-Tuberculosis:

-Whooping cough:

-Diphtheria:

-Influenza:

-Pneumococcal pneumonia:

Describe the below diseases, bacteria associated and associated characteristics

-Psittacosis

-Pneumonia (Be sure to include the predominant etiological agent)

-Q fever

-Tuberculosis

-Whooping cough

If applicable, identify the causative agent(s) reservoir for pathogen (e.g. human, animal, environment) mode of transmission diagnostic indicators (e.g. Ghon complexes, spherules, fried-egg appearance on media, thick-walled cysts, etc…)

1. Genes D, E, F, and G are located on the same chromosome. The distances between the genes are below:

What is the order of the genes on the chromosome?

. Why is evolution is one of the most important major themes of life? How does it explain both of the following characteristics of life on Earth?

the unity of life

the diversity of life

17.    You bring a sample of flies from a natural population into the laboratory and begin selecting for high body weight by using the heaviest 20% of the population as parents each generation for five generations. If mean body weight remains the same in each generation

         a) phenotypic variation is due only to effects of the environment b) phenotypic variation is due only to genetic variation among individuals c) VG > 0 d) VE = 0

18.    Given the observations described in the previous question you would conclude that for body weight

         a) heritability is zero b) heritability is greater than zero but less than 1 c) heritability is 1 d) heritability is greater than 1

19.    The heritability of body weight in cows a) can be measured on a single individual b) is the proportion of VG which is due to VE  c) is the proportion of VP which is due to VG   d) is the proportion of VE transmitted to offspring e) all of the above.

20.    When we say that the heritability of a trait in a particular population is zero a) the trait is not affected by genes b) the trait is not affected by the environment c) all individuals are genetically identical for genes affecting the trait d) individuals differ in genotype for the genes affecting the trait.

21.    In the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium formula (p2 + 2pq + q2), p² and q² are

         a) genotype frequencies b) fitnesses c) allele frequencies d) numbers of individuals.

22.    The reproductive fitness of an individual is determined mainly by

         a) strength b) life span c) number of offspring d) owning a BMW

23.    In a population with 980 AA, 840 Aa, and 180 aa individuals the genotype frequency of Aa individuals is a) 0.49 b) 0.98 c) 0.42 d) 0.81 e) 0.18

24.    The frequency of the A allele in the population above is a) 0.49 b) 0.5 c) 0.6 d) 0.7.

As the Covid-19 pandemic continues around the globe, one area of active research is to identify a plausible origin of this novel coronavirus (also called SARS-CoV-2). Early genomic studies suggest that the evolutionary precursor to SARS-CoV-2 may reside in bats since the bat coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2 have many similar sequences. However, there have been no documented cases of direct bat-human transmission, which suggests that an intermediate host was likely involved between bats and humans.

There are many different species of bats, and the Chinese horseshoe bat is just one that may be linked to the Covid-19 pandemic. However, much research is still needed to support or disprove this hypothesis.

The diploid number for a horseshoe bat is 62 (i.e., 2n = 62).

Give the number of each of the following that would be present in a cell in a horseshoe bat during each of the following stages of either mitosis or meiosis.

A. Anaphase of mitosis:

I) chromosomes:

ii) chromatids:

iii) DNA molecules:

iv) telomeres:

B. Anaphase of meiosis I

I) chromosomes:

ii) chromatids:

iii) DNA molecules:

iv) telomeres:

C. Anaphase of meiosis II

I) chromosomes:

ii) chromatids:

iii) DNA molecules:

iv) telomeres: