The question can be answered in a variety of ways. You are encouraged (and in some case required) to use graphs and diagrams as part of your answer, to illustrate your argument or particular concept.

Neobatrachus, Varanus and Camelus walk out of the desert and into a pub in the Australian outback. There, over cold pints of Toohey’s and Cooper’s, they regale other pub patrons with stories how they survived an extremely hot and dry summer season. Fill in their narrative, using your understanding of terrestrial these animals’ thermo- and osmoregulation.

part a: Compare advantages and disadvantages of metagenomics and genomics. What is meant by the term “metagenomics”?

part b : Describe the process of negative control of gene expression. Explain the role that repressor proteins play in this process.

part c Describe the two types of protein components involved in a two-component regulatory system. What are their roles?

part d Describe the SOS response.

15. The island of Flores was home to a small hominid named Homo floresiensis. This species was smaller than most hominids and isolated on the island. Describe how this species may have adapted to life on the island and provide a reasonable hypothesis regarding which known hominid they likely evolved from.  

12. Explain why there is far more genetic variation in Africa than there is anywhere else in the world. How does this relate to our understanding that we originated from Africa?

1. An analogy of a rechargeable battery can be used to describe ATP. Explain this analogy in detail and evaluate whether this analogy is accurate.

2. RuBisCo is used by almost all photoautotrophs. It is believed to be the most important enzyme in the biosphere by many scientists. Defend or refute this claim. Be detailed.

3. Imagine you are a genetic engineer who is interested in plants as a method to fight climate change. What reactions and molecules in photosynthesis should you target? Explain.

1. Which of the following statements about the world’s population is FALSE?

A variety of plants are used as folk medicine in the treatment of hypertension.
Laboratory analyses show that a purified extract from one of these plants decreases
production of aldosterone in an animal model.
Complete the sentences below to explain how this anti-hypertensive plant extract might
work. In each case indicate the enzyme, hormone or receptor targeted and explain how the
action of the extract on this target would result in reduced aldosterone production.
A. The purified extract inhibits…
(60-word limit)
B. The purified extract blocks…
(60-word limit)

A 37-year-old man is diagnosed with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).

a. What is the molecular mechanism that makes this kind of cancer?(1/2 page)

b. What is the first-line treatment for CML and what is the rationale for this pharmacotherapy?(1/4 page)

c. What are the mechanisms of resistance to imatinib pharmacotherapy of CML?(1/4 page)

d. What other cancers and diseases are effectively treated with imatinib?(1/4 page)

e. What are the common and important side effects of therapy with imatinib(1/4 page)

Briefly describe the linear flow of electrons from water to NADPH during the light reaction of photosynthesis.

You are studying a group of Oregonian beavers, and you are interested in the population genetics of a single locus. You genotype 100 beavers and discover that for your locus of interest, there are 55 A¹A¹ homozygotes, 20 A¹A² heterozygotes, and 25 A²A² You estimate that the frequency of the A¹ allele is ["0.65", "0.35", "0.20"]         and that the expected number of A¹A² heterozygotes under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium should be [ "12.25", "45.5", "50"]

choose number value for both blanks

In details, provide and discuss two experimental examples of GMO from (i) plants, (ii) animals and (iii) bacteria, illustrating the tools that researchers have used to overcome these challenges.

How important (quantitatively) is variation in genes affecting the Tor pathway to human longevity?

Please support answer with citations of studies

How important (quantitatively) is telomere length at birth to human longevity?

46. The filtration coefficient can be decreased by

a. increased MAP

b. decreased TPR

c. decreased venous pressure

d. none of the above

44. Extracellular edema results from

a. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

b. decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure

c. increased osmotic pressure in the capillary

d. decreased osmotic pressure in the interstitial compartment

43. Hypoosmotic overhydration can be caused by

a. SIADH

b. DI

c. DM

d. none of the above

44. Extracellular edema results from

a. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

b. decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure

c. increased osmotic pressure in the capillary

d. decreased osmotic pressure in the interstitial compartment

43. Hypoosmotic overhydration can be caused by

a. SIADH

b. DI

c. DM

d. none of the above

42. Addison's disease is associated with

a. decreased sodium levels

b. hyperkalemia

c. both a and b

d. none of the above

41. Cushing syndome leads to

a. hyponatremia

b. hypernatremia

c. hyerkalemia

d. none of the above

Several haploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grow well on YPD but do not grow on minimal media unless adenine is added to the minimal media. Some of those strains accumulate a red pigment and, thus, produce red or pink colonies. How would you determine the biochemical pathway that is defective in these yeast strains? How would you assign the functions to the genes that are mutated in these strains?