1. Why is ATP synthase considered an active transporter?

2. Why is deleterious to a cell that DNA can be crosslinked, which forms covalent bonds between the two strands?

3. Describe all of the negative and positive controls used in the Pasteur experiment that disproved spontaneous generation, and briefly describe why each was included.

4. Why is a pH indicator used in cell culture media?

5. In biology we describe 10 important universal features of cells, #7 is that life requires free energy. Briefly describe where humans acquire this energy.

describe the cross bridge cycle. Make sure to include the action of actin, myosin, troponin, calcium, and ATP.

2. a) Describe some advantages of using cameras, ROVs, AUVs, and buoys compared to having manned technologies.
b) Shrimp fished at great depths survive but do not fish. Why?
c) Describe what a research hypothesis is and what the researcher does after formulating a hypothesis.
d) The picture shows a red coral that lives down to a depth of max. 300 meters. How does a fish or a human perceive the coral at 50 meters deep or below - as red or black? Justify the answer.

Part A: Bacteria and other microbes can be used to "clean up" an oil spill by breaking down oil into carbon dioxide and water. Two samples isolated from the Deepwater Horizon leak in the Gulf of Mexico were labeled A and B. The DNA of each was isolated and the percent thymine measured in each sample. Sample A contains 21.5% thymine and sample B contains 27.5% thymine. Assume the organisms contain normal double stranded DNA and predict the composition of the other bases.

Part B: Both samples are then denatured to remove the secondary structure. Which will have the higher temperature to denature? B or A

There are three traits in mice that are found on the same chromosome (they are linked). Gray fur is dominant to brown fur, long tails are dominant to short tails, and notched ears are dominant to unnotched ears.

A female mouse who is heterozygous is crossed with a male who is homozygous recessive. The observed offspring are shown below:

What are the phenotypes of the two parental (nonrecombinant) chromosomes:

1. fur: tail: ears

2. fur: tail: ears

3. What is the order in which these genes are found on the chromosome? (identify the middle gene, the other two can be either order) Genes are: fur color, tail length, ear shape

: :

4. What is the map distance between fur color and tail length?

5. What is the map distance between tail length and ear shape?

Sometimes, people claim that biological processes such as evolution are incompatible with the second law of thermodynamics. Assuming you wanted to engage scientifically with someone who claimed this, what would you say to them to show that they are incorrect? Support your answer with an example from cell biology.

Compare and Contrast SARS-CoV-2, Herpes Simplex Virus Type I, HIV and Influenza B. Specifically, briefly (may just be a few words) describe the following for each:

Why in recent years has there been an increase in cases of Powassan transmission? What changes in the virus or vector have occurred? What are the symptoms of infection?

A single plant cell is placed in an open beaker containing deionised water. Very slowly, solutes are added to the water, which is gently stirred. The cell is observed through a microscope. Eventually, the plasma membrane begins to pull away from the cell wall. a) Briefly explain why this occurred. [2 marks] The moment before the plasma membrane began to pull away from the cell wall, the osmotic potential in the bathing solution was –2.00 MPa. The bathing solution was later replaced with deionised water and the cell was given time to reach equilibrium. The plasma membrane was once again pushing against the cell wall. b) What is the pressure potential inside the cell now? Explain your answer.

QUESTION 1

1. Match each of the following with the best answer choice:

   organized packets of light having both a wave and particle nature part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum which fuels photosynthesis major photosynthetic pigment which absorbs violet, red, and orange light source of carbon used to build sugars in photosynthesis part of photosystem where photon energy is converted into chemical potential energy part of photosystem where pigments funnel photon energy towards special chorophyll a molecules contains chlorophyll a called P680    contains chlorophyll a called P700 enzyme which fixes carbon during the Calvin Cycle by attaching CO2 to RuBP pathway triggered by high O2 conditions, where O2 rather than CO2 binds with the carbon fixing enzyme during the Calvin cycle - resulting in the use of ATP and NADPH without the production of glucose

   A. photosystem I B. light harvesting complex C. CO2 D. photorespiration E. photons F. visible light G. photosystem II H. reaction center complex I. chlorophyll a J. rubisco

QUESTION 2

1. Match each of the following to the appropriate stage of photosynthesis:

   -       A.       B.    occurs in thylakoid of chloroplasts       -       A.       B.    occurs in stroma of chloroplasts       -       A.       B.    produces ATP       -       A.       B.    requires photosystems       -       A.       B.    requires photosynthetic pigments       -       A.       B.    builds sugar       -       A.       B.    requires rubisco       -       A.       B.    requires ETC       -       A.       B.    generates NADPH       -       A.       B.    requires RuBP       -       A.       B.    requires CO2       -       A.       B.    releases O2       -       A.       B.    breaks down H2O

   A. Calvin cycle B. light reactions

QUESTION 3

1. Choose all of the true statements below. Hint: 5 statements are true.

   		In photosynthesis, H2O is reduced and CO2 is oxidized.
   		The three major stages of the calvin cycle include: carbon fixation, reducation, and regeneration of the CO2 acceptor.
   		When an electron absorbs a photon, it goes from a ground state to an excited state.
   		Excited electrons move to higher energy orbitals and release energy as they fall back to their ground state.
   		Red wavelengths have longer wavelengths and thus lower energy.
   		Chlorophyll absorbs green light giving plants their green appearance.
   		The Calvin Cycle must turn 2 times to build up one molecule of glucose.
   		ATP is built by ATP synthase through photophosphorylation during the light reactions.

QUESTION 4

1. Choose all of the statements which describe the structure and function of the chloroplast. Hint: 2 statements are correct.

   		the chloroplast contains a fluid filled space called the stroma in which the Calvin cycle occurs facilitating photosynthesis
   		the chloroplast has photosynthetic pigments embedded in its outer membrane facilitating photosynthesis
   		the chloroplast contains thylakoids which are membranous discs in which photosystems are embedded facilitating photosynthesis
   		the chloroplast is double membrane bound allowing H+ to accumulate in the space between the inner and outer membrane of the chloroplast fueling ATP synthase

QUESTION 6 A cell containing only pure water is placed into a solution containing 1M sucrose. The cell's membrane is impermeable to water, sucrose, sodium ions and chloride ions. How could you make the cell isosmotic to the outside solution? Choose all of the correct answers.

A) Add NaCl to the inside of the cell until it contains 1M NaCl.

B) Add NaCl to the inside of the cell until it contains 0.5M NaCl.

C) Increase the number of sodium channels on the cell membrane.

D) Increase the active transport of water out of the cell.

E) Add sucrose to the cell until it contains 1M sucrose.

Explain how a small mutation in a virus can have large implications for transmission using Chikungunya as an example. How did the E1-226A to E1-226V mutation influence the ability of the virus to infect mosquito vectors? How did this influence transmission?

The following sequences show the wildtype and mutant alleles of part of a gene. What is the name of this type of mutation?

Wildtype DNA:       5’           AAC – AGC – CTG – CGT – ACG – GCT – CTC 3’

Wildtype protein: Asn – Ser – Leu – Arg – Thr – Ala – Leu

Mutant DNA:          5’ AAC – AGC – CTG – CTT – ACG – GCT – CTC 3’

Mutant protein: Asn – Ser – Leu – Leu – Thr – Ala – Leu

Select one:

a. Frameshift mutation

b. Silent mutation

c. Missense mutation

d. Antisense mutation

What effect will a nonsense mutation in a coding triplet have on the encoded protein?

Select one:

a. Replacement of the affected amino acid with a different amino acid

b. No change to the amino sequence

c. Loss of the affected amino acid but retention of all remaining amino acids downstream of mutation

d. Loss of the affected amino acid and all other amino acids downstream of the mutation site

Once a polypeptide is produced by translation, which cellular organelle is it transported into for correct folding?

Select one:

a. The nucleus

b. The ribosome

c. The endoplasmic reticulum

d. The Golgi

Which two techniques can be used to generate many identical copies of one specific DNA sequence?

Select one:

a. i) Digestion of DNA with Restriction enzymes; and ii) ligation with DNA ligase

b. i) Polymerase chain reaction; and ii) Transformation of bacteria with a recombinant DNA plasmid

c. i) Digestion of DNA with Restriction enzymes; and ii) Transformation of bacteria with a recombinant DNA plasmid

d. i) Polymerase chain reaction; and ii) digestion of DNA with Restriction enzymes

Why is antigenic variation important for the establishment of trypanosomiasis in its host? How is this mediated?

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

Select one:

a. The first meiotic division results in the segregation of sister chromatids into daughter cells.

b. Polar bodies are only observed in male meiotic divisions.

c. The second meiotic division results in a reduction in chromosome number from diploid to haploid.

d. In females, the cytoplasm is divided unequally amongst the four daughter cells after meiosis II.

If the cyclins that control the transition between S & G2 phase have been inactivated. Which of the following scenarios would be the MOST LIKELY result?

Select one:

a. Cells would enter M phase where errors in DNA replication will be corrected.

b. Cells would progress through the rest of the cell cycle without any problems.

c. Cells would enter M phase containing errors following DNA replication that will not be corrected.

d. Cells would not enter M phase at all and would be pushed into G0 phase.

Two genes are required for the determination of hair colour in guinea pigs:
i. One for the production of the coloured pigment (where P encodes black pigment which is dominant over p for grey pigment)
ii. Another gene is required for the fixation of the pigment to the strand of hair (where F is dominant and fixes the hair pigment, while f is recessive and does not fix the hair pigment).

Therefore, the F gene is epistatic to the P gene. In an individual who is albino (i.e. has no hair colour at all), which of the following genotypes is MOST LIKELY?

Select one:

a. ppFf

b. PPFF

c. PpFf

d. Ppff

A mating between two parents, both with blood type AB, will result in progeny with which of the following blood types?

Select one:

a. 50% A; 25% B; 25% AB

b. 25% A; 25% B; 50% AB

c. 100% AB

d. 25% A; 50% B; 25% AB