C. The circular chromosome-based genome of mitochondria in plant and animal cells, termed mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA, are quite distinct to one another in terms of their overall size, structure, sequence composition and genetic content. Detail these differences.

Describe how the various weak interactions together give the double helical structure of B-DNA.

NAD+ & NADP+ are derived from which vitamin? Briefly describe their metabolic roles and account for the fact that they are only required in very small quantities (~20mg) within our diet.

What would you say to a colleague or a parent asked you about immune overload. "I only received a few shots, but my child will receive dozens of shots! How can his little body handle that?"

what are the 10 major talking points related directly to immune overload here?

4.   John is a 16-year-old who loves to play soccer. His 18-year-old brother, Andre, passed out while playing basketball and has now been diagnosed with long QT syndrome (LQT1). The cardiologist involved suggests that all Andre’s siblings should have a cardiac examination, including an electrocardiogram (ECG), before they play sports. John’s ECG shows a borderline QT prolongation during activity, so the cardiologist recommends genetic testing. John tests positive for the same mutation in the gene KCNQ1 (LQT1) that Andre has, and he is told that he must stop playing soccer. He is counseled to take up a less intense sport, like golf. John is clearly upset and wants to know why this is happening to him. He feels just fine and does not understand why he cannot play his favorite sport.
A.   What is the connection between sports restrictions and Long QT syndrome
B.   How can understanding the genetics help to predict who might be affected by Long QT syndrome if someone in the family is already affected.
C.   How and in what terms will you explain to John why these modifications in exercise are necessary

Why do many syndromes have pleiotropic effects?

Why do males display X-linked recessive traits more frequently than females?

What are polygenic traits, and why are many traits polygenic?

Describe the process of retrograde signalling and further, what molecule is believed to most frequently serve as a retrograde signal in plants?

1. Describe each phase of the female menstrual cycle below. Include the types of hormones that are sent and/or received, and what happens within the ovaries/uterus at each stage
   1. Follicular phase (1 point)
   2. Ovulation phase (1 point)
   3. Luteal phase (1 point)
   4. Menstruation (1 point)

Explain one vaccine, include in your explanation:

1. Name of the vaccine.
2. Type of the vaccine.
3. When should the person take this vaccine?
4. How does this vaccine help the body?

How does paired pulse-facilitation demonstrate Hebb's postulate and why is it transient?

Describe the four stages of the normal bacterial growth curve and explain the growth patterns of each stage. Define the terms binary fission and generation time.

draw out step by step!! and have mini-explanations under each step explaining what is happnening

SHOW THE peptide bond hydrolysis mechanism of how:

a)cysteine proteases work

b) aspartyl proteases work

c) metallo proteases work

d)how does eptide hydrolysis by trypsin, elastase work with proteases?

The image to the left is best described as what genetic tool used to determine gender and chromosomal abnormalities?

You have been chosen for a very competitive undergraduate clinical internship at St. Visintainer’s Hospital and Metabolic Clinic working with Dr. Saccharo, an expert in enzyme deficiency disorders related to glycolysis. Before your first day Dr. Saccharo has asked that you review the reactions of glycolysis and the concept of isoenzymes.

Recall that isoenzymes are groups of enzymes that catalyze the same reaction in that they use the same reactants to product the same products. They may have different genes, tissue expression, developmental timing of expression, and affinities for their substrates. As an example, phosphofructokinase-1 has 3 isoenzyme forms: PFK-L is expressed in the liver and the gene is found on chromosome 21; PFK-M is expressed in the muscle and the gene is found on chromosome 12; and PFK-P is expressed in platelets and the gene is found on chromosome 10.

Question 1:

If a person would be deficient in all 3 forms of PFK-1, this person would                  .

A.           Have lower than normal glycogen stores.

B.           Have more mitochondrial activity than normal.

C.           Be dead.

D.          Produce more energy per glucose molecule because glycolysis would be unregulated.

It is now Monday morning and you are ready to start seeing patients with Dr. Saccharo.

Patient 1:

Ann is a teenager and avid golfer who was referred to the clinic after being refused at the blood drive and tiring easily on the high school golf course during practice. Ann is examined and a blood sample was obtained for analysis of a glycolysis related metabolic panel. The results of her panel is below (levels: + = normal, - = decreased; ++= increased):

Question 2:

Assuming that Dr. Saccharo is correctly assuming that Ann has a defect in glycolysis, what glycolytic enzyme is the most likely to have the defect based on the blood metabolic profile?

A.           Hexokinase

B.           Phosphofructokinase

C.           Triose Phosphate Isomerase

D.          Pyruvate Kinase

E.           Aldolase

Patient 2:

Marie is a 32-year-old mother of three complaining of fatigue and muscle cramps with exercise. She had always blamed her intolerance to exercise on her sedentary lifestyle. However, she recently joined a gym and after a week of aerobics classes went to her physician, who ordered a series of blood tests. The blood work came back with abnormal results, leading to her muscle biopsy and referral to the metabolic clinic. Marie’s blood was subjected to the same metabolic panel used before with the following results:

Marie’s muscle biopsy was also analyzed and showed an excess of glycogen.

Question 3:

What is the most likely enzyme deficiency for Marie?

A.           Hexokinase

B.           Phosphofructokinase

C.           Triose Phosphate Isomerase

D.          Pyruvate Kinase

E.           Aldolase

Question 4:

If you wanted to test the ability of red blood cells to complete glycolysis what compound would you try to detect?

A.           Fructose-6-phosphate

B.           Aldolase

C.           Pyruvate

D.          Phosphofructokinase

E.           Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Question 5:

If you used a sample of Marie’s blood for this, what compound could you add to enable these cells to complete glycolysis?

A.           Glucose

B.           Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

C.           Insulin

D.          Glucagon

E.           Fructose-6-phosphate

Please use simple terms so I can understand better. thanks!

Why do cells need to multiply? Discuss a few reasons. Try to do this without using the word “reproduction” or “reproduce”.

Define homologous chromosomes

Discuss the chromosomal number of cells before mitosis and after mitosis

Is mitosis involved in asexual reproduction?

What are telomeres and why are they important?

How does cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division) differ in animal cells vs plant cells?

Define oncogene, proto-oncogene, neoplasm, tumor, and metastasis