why length of each phases are different in mitotic division? tell about each phases prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

how a single reading frame can contain multiple open reading frames? Differentiate an open reading frame from a reading frame.

what are two components that are present in both eukaryotic/prokaryotic gene regulation, and what is one that is specific to eukaryotic only?

Your local senator is calling for an immediate ban on all animal studies proposing that all experiments should be done using cell cultures. Explain to the senator why cell culture may not be adequate on their own and why it may be necessary for researchers to continue using experimental models like small rodents and fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) to fully understand human biochemical processes and diseases?

What cell growth do we expect to see in the agarose covered plate? suspended?

Explain the stages needed to establish microbial infections. Classify bacterial toxins. Provide two examples and describe their mechanism of action on mammalian cells.

You have a protein, which has high affinity to DNA. You prepared resin attached with a small piece of DNA. After allowing the protein to bind to the resin, how would you elute the protein?

In addition to climate change, polar bears also face threats from pollution. Use the Internet for research and write a three- to four – paragraph report describing two ways in which the polar bear population in the Arctic is affected by the pollution.

Your report should contain:

1. The first paragraph serves as an introduction to the problem.
2. Two ways in which polar bears are affected by pollution
3. At least two references cited in the body of the answer
4. All references cited in the answer listed again at the end in APA style.

1) a) Describe the adaptations xerophytes and halophytes have to their environments. Which adaptations are common to both?

b) What are the problems associated with high or low temperatures and what are the adaptations/acclimations that plants have to these conditions?

I need an essay about 300 words for this topic : DNA Secret of Photo 51

Sickle-cell anemia is an interesting genetic disease. Normal homozygous individuals (SS) have normal blood cells that are easily infected with the malarial parasite. Thus, many of these individuals become very ill from the parasite and many die. Individuals homozygous for the sickle-cell trait (ss) have red blood cells that readily collapse when deoxygenated. Although malaria cannot grow in these red blood cells, individuals often die because of the genetic defect. However, individuals with the heterozygous condition (Ss) have some sickling of red blood cells, but generally not enough to cause mortality. In addition, malaria cannot survive well within these "partially defective" red blood cells. Fitness of different genotypes is as follows: 50% of the SS individuals survive and reproduce; 100% of the Ss individuals survive and reproduce while only 5% of the ss individuals survive and reproduce. Thus, heterozygotes tend to survive better than either of the homozygous conditions. If 9% of an African population is born with a severe form of sickle-cell anemia (ss), what percentage of the population will be more resistant to malaria in the second generation because they are heterozygous (Ss) for the sickle-cell gene?

Please note it is asking for the second generation! not the first!!!!

Homo erectus (Anthropology)

1. Describe the physical characteristics of Homo erectus. How does this species compare to earlier hominins and to modern humans (Homo sapiens)?
2. Explain why losing body hair and being able to sweat may have given hominins an advantage.