How is co-expression induced?

Genetics:

Throughout this course we have had occasion to use the Chi Square test. What does the Chi Square test do and how do you conduct a Chi Square test? Illustrate your answer with a simple example. A Chi Square table will be provided for your use if it needed. Makes sure you discuss observed chi squares versus test statistics, p and degrees of freedom as they related to your simple example.

(1) Answer the three questions for each of the following transcription factors:

LacR

TrpR

CAP

GAL4

GR (glucocorticoid receptor)

(a) What is the small molecule that controls its’ activity?

(b) In the presence of this molecule, is the protein on the DNA or off the DNA?

(c) What is the consequence for transcription?

(2) Fill out the table with the words ON or OFF:

(3) Answer the three questions for each of the following enzymes:

Swi/Snf

HAT

HDAC

DNMT

(a) Describe the activity of each of the enzymes.

(b) What is the consequence of this enzyme activity?

(c) How does this enzyme know what genes to act on?

3) What is the relationship between gch1 copy number and downstream genes in the folate biosynthesis pathway that already confer drug resistance to the parasite?

Describe NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH. And how NADH is used for catabolism mainly, while NADPH is used for biosynthesis.

What’s the “respiratory quotient” and why does it vary depending upon the kinds of food used to provide energy?

What other factors affect the respiratory quotient?

On average, why is the volume of air that we breathe in slightly larger than the volume of air that we breathe out? (please explain in relation to the respiratory quotients of fats, carbs, proteins, etc.)

The hemoglobin B gene (Hb) has a common allele (A) of SNP (rs 332) that encodes the Hb^A form of (adult hemoglobin) and a rare allele (T) that encodes the sickling form of hemoglobin, Hb^S. Among 571 members of the Yoruba tribe in Nigeria, 440 were A/A. 129 were A/T, and 2 were T/T individuals. Use the chi-square test to determine whether these observed genotypic frequencies fit the Hardy-Weinberg expectations.

Please show work.

Doctors may be able to inject a functioning copy of the gene mutated in Sam's DNA in the cells of his eyes. If the procedure were successful, would you expect Sam to regain his vision? Why or why not?

The chart below refers to meiosis in a diploid individual composed of cells with 10 chromosomes during the G1 phase.  Fill in the missing meiotic stage, description of major event during that stage, or # of chromosomes/# of DNA molecules.

So that chart starts out by saying that a cell has 10 chromosomes in G1 phase of the cell cycle. Remember that G1 precedes meiosis I. Saying that the cell has 10 chromosomes in G1 is saying that the diploid number of chromosomes in 10. Another way to say it is that there are 5 homologous pairs of chromosomes.   

So 5 is the haploid number. The point of meiosis is to make haploid gametes (sperm or egg cells). And the transition from diploid to haploid comes as the cell completes telophase I. So cells are diploid throughout meiosis I; then they are haploid throughout meiosis II.

The goal of meiosis II is to convert a haploid number of replicated chromosomes into a haploid number of unreplicated chromosomes (this involves the separation of sister chromatids in anaphase II).

During ____________________ of mitosis __________________ chromatids segregate.

A. telophase; sister

B. telophase; non-sister

C. anaphase; sister

D. anaphase; non-sister

E. metaphase; sister

F. metaphase; non-sister

After isolating DNA from a newly studied human population, it is found that the 112th base of the NGF receptor gene is a “T” in most individuals in this population; in all other human populations in which the gene had been sequenced previously, this base was always found to be an “A.” This newly-discovered polymorphism would be classified as a

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

simple sequence repeat polymorphism (SSR)

insertion/deletion polymorphism (indel)

copy number variation (CNV)

complex variant

The uptake of the recombinant DNA into bacterial cells during molecular cloning is called

transcription

replication

transformation

ligation

selection

In automated DNA sequencing reaction by the Sanger method, which of the following is NOT required?

fluorescently-labeled dideoxynucleotides

deoxynucleotides

DNA polymerase

a DNA primer

none of the above (i.e. all the above are required in the reaction)